ROADS AND TRAVEL
ROADS AND TRAVEL
397
avoiiled this route, probably becavise of fiitifriie, and tluis never visited either Colossa? or Laodicea (cf. Col., /mssim). He chose the hi^^her-ljinf;, quieter, and healthier route over the hills, where the traflio was lij;ht. The unimportant places he passed throuj;h — Lysias, Metropolis, Seiblia, Diony- sopolis, 'I'oira, etc. — are never mentioned in sacred story. What route was taken by him from Ephcsus to Macedonia (iO'"'-) must remain uncertain, but it is probable that he coasted nortliwards to Troas and then repeated the journey of lO""-. Whether he took the .sea-journey to Athens on this oc(!asion also from the unknown port near Bercea is un- certain ; but to Athens and Corinth be went. He then returned through Macedonia, no doubt by his former route, ami once more back to Troas (Ac 20^"''). A coasting voyage followed to Tyre (21^) and Ptolemais (v.') and Ca;sarea (v.*). From Ca-sarea lie went by the old land-route to Jeru- salem. It is specially mentioned that horses were hired for this stage "(v.") ; St. Paul was weary in body and spirit, and knew the importance of arriv- ing in Jerusalem as fresh as possible.
(/) We have thus followed all the land-routes along which St. Paul is known to have travelled. Before going on to refer to sea-routes, it will not be without interest to give some account of one or two land journeys by others recorded in ancient litera- ture.
From Cicero's letters we are able to reconstruct some of his itineraries in the middle of the 1st cent. B.C. In 58 B.C. he was exiled from Rome. He journeyed south by the Appian AVay, as far as Capua, and then took the road to the right referred to above, as far as Vibo Valentia in the country of the Bruttii. From there he found his way to Brundisium, from which he crossed the Adriatic to Dyrrhachium (Att. iii. 8). From there he reached Thessalonica on 22nd May, having gone east by the Egnatian Way referred to above. The complete course of the Via Egnatia was as follows : Dyr- rhachium, Clodiana (where the branch from Apol- lonia met it), Scampa, Lyclinidus, Scirtiana, Nicoea, Heraclea, Celhe, Edessa, Pella (where Alexander the Great w,as born), Thessalonica, Apollonia, Amphipolis, Philip])!, Neapolis, Porsulae, Brendice, Terapyra, Doriscus, Dyme, Cypsela, Syracelloe, Apri, Bisanthe, Hentum, Perinthus, Selymbria, Melantia, B3-zantium (later Constantinople). Cicero returned by tlie same way by which he had come.
The journey he took to his province Cilicia in 51 B.C. may also be followed with interest. He left Rome in the beginning of May and arrived at his villa at Arpinum (his birthplace), among the hills, about the .3rd May. From there he went by the Arcanum of his brother to Aquinum (afterwards the birthplace of Juvenal), and reached Minturnfe on the 5tli. He then went by the Appian Way to his villa at Cumaj, and from there by Puteoli to his villa at Pompeii, reached at latest on the 9th. The 10th and 11th May were spent at the villa of a friend at Trebula, from which he went to Bene- ventum (11th May, evening), Venusia (night of 14tb spent there), Tarentum (arrived 18th May, departed 21stMay), Brundisium (arrived 22nd May, departed 10th or 11th June). The whole journey from Beneventum to Brundisium was of course on the Appian W^ay. From Brundisium he crossed the sea, and we hear of him at Corcyra (12th June), the Sybota Islands (13th June), and Aetium (14th June). We next liear of him at Athens (arrived 25th June, left 6th July). On 6th July he sailed from the Pira-us, the harbour of Athens, to Zoster, from there on 8th July to Ceos, on 9th July to Gyaros, on the lOth to Syros, on the 11th to Delos. He then went bv Samos to I'-jihesus (arrived 22nd July, departed 26th July). On the 26th July he began his inland journey. His province, named
Cilicia, comprised a very large territory, indeed the whole of what was afterwards Southern Galatia, as well as Lycia, Pamphylia, Cilicia (proper), etc. He proceeded alon'; the great road already men- tioned, ami reached Tralles {27th July), Laodicea (arrived Hist July, ih'ijarted .'trd August, early). Laodicea was tlie llrst city of the provinceon the west. Henceforth it was an otiicial i)rogress that he made. Neither the rate of his progress from place to place nor the actual time he stayed in each place can be lixed with certainty. The dates given by O. E. Schmidt (/A:r Bricfweeliscl des M. TiiUiiis Cicero, Leipzig, 1893, p. 78) are not reli- able (Ramsay in Kxik, Sth ser., ii. [1911] 14911., reiiealeil in The First Christian Centuri/, Lon- don, 1911, p. 145 tf.). The best account is by L. W. Hunter (aided by W. M. Ramsay) in JlilS iii. [1914] 74 11'. It is probable that he travelled at the rate of about 21 or 22 Engli.sh miles a dav, and certain that he stayed at Apameia (for which he must have diverged from the main road) and Philo- melion, about three to live days in each. At Lao- dicea Coinbusta be left the great road and took the branch to the right for Iconium (reached 23rd August). There he spent a considerable time getting his army together. From Iconium he marched towards Cybistra, but, on learning that his predecessor Appius Claudius was at Iconium, he returned there, only to lind that he had gone. He resumed his journey (3rd Sept.) to Cybistra (reached 19th or 20th Sept.) and pitched his camp there. Leaving Cybistra on 22nd Sept., he crossed the Taurus range on 24tli Sept. by the Cilician Gates, and on Sth Oct. reached Tarsus. Tw o days later he began his inarch to the Amanus range, and on 8th Oct. encamped at Mopsuestia. A later camp was at Epiphanea, whence Cicero on the evening of 12th Oct. made the ascent of the Amanus mountains, and next day defeated the enemy and was hailed as Imjjerator by his troops. He descended to Issus, and was encamped till ISth Oct. near Alexander's Altars. He then inarched to Pindenissus, began its siege on 21st Oct., and captured it on 17th December. About the end of December he reached Tarsus again. He left Tarsus on 5th Jan. 50 and returned to Laodicea, no doubt by the same route as before (with the exception jierhaps of the detour to Syunada), reaching it on nth February. There he remained almost three months. On 7th May he returned to Tarsus by the old route (Apameia, etc.), and he arrived there on 5th June. From there he marched eastwards, making a demonstration in force, and returned to Tarsus not later than 17th July. On 30th July he left Tarsus, and, as it was the hot season, very jirobably by sea. W^e next hear of him at Side in Pamphylia, which suggests that he had got there by coasting. He left Side on 4th Aug. and arrived at Rhodes about 10th August. He wished to cross the yEgean before the season of the trade-winds (27th Aug.), but was compelled, on account of the unseaworthiness of his sliip, to cast anchor at Ephesus. There he remained the whole of Sep- tember. He left Ephesus on 1st Oct. and landed on the 14th at the Piraeus. From Athens he took a land-journey across the Isthmus and then along the north of the Peloponnese to Patra; (modern Patras). He embarked there on 3rd Nov. and on the next day reached Alyzia in Acarnania. Early on 6th Nov. be sailed from there and travelled to Leucas (6th Nov.), Aetium (7th and Sth Nov.), Corcyra (9th to 16th Nov. ), Cassiope in Corcyra( 16th to 22nd Nov.), across the Adriatic to Hydruntum (23rd Nov.) and to Brundisium (24th Nov.), h.aving been absent from Italy seventeen and a half months. Leaving Brundisium on the 27tli, he proceeded to /Eculanum, Trebula (9tli Dec.), Suessula, Naples, Pompeii (10th Dec. to 12th or 13th Dec), Cuma-,