• Syria and Cilicia are joined in Gal 121 ; ^i KXiixara t^c ^vpLa'i Ka\ TTJs KtAtKia?, tr. in A V and RV ' the reg^ions of Syria and Cilicia.' Si. Paul's habit of using: the Roman names for provinces is here illustrated, tor Ac Q-^o says that he was sent from Jerusalem ' to Tarsus,' i.e. to Cilicia. Ramsay {Gal., p. 277 ff.) would with N* omit the second ttj? in Gal 121 ; as Lifrht- foot says (GaL^, London, 1876, in lac), * the wortis ri nMfxara seem to show that "Syria and Cilicia" are here mentioned under one general expression, and not as two distinct dis- tricts,' thoujrh he seems to be in error in saying that they were at the time under a separate administration. For the meaning of icMtJ-ara see Ramsay, loc. cit.
t The usual Greek name of this province is 'lAAupis or 'IXAupt'a, but St. Paul as a Roman citizen uses a Latin form in Ro l-'ii^, as does the historian Dio Cassiiis twice (Ramsay, Gat., p. 276 f.). This province is also called Dalmatia in 2 Ti 4io, this name (which had previously been given to South Illyricum only) taking the place of the other during St. Paul's lifetime (Kamsay, lii.).
t In Lk 22 the verb riyeixoi'evu is used of Quirinius" office in Syria, in 3i of Pilate's procuratorahip ; in 3' iiyfjuof ta is used of the ' reign ' of Tiberius.
i"
'kings' in Mk l.-l" and Mt 10", Lk 21'^ cf. I P 2''') was of a rank inferior to that of a jiroprador. He wa-s in most respects vested with full jiowor, but was in .some degree in a subordinate relation to a neighbouring governor ; thus, Judica wa.s nmre or less under Syria, Cappadocia under Galatia.
((•) Suhjcct kingdoms, etc. — In addition to the Roman provinces, there were in apostolic times a considerable number of semi-independent king- doms, and also of petty princedoms or ' tetrarchies ' — this word having lost its original meaning of ' rule over a fourtli part.' Of the former class we notice the dominions of Herod the Great and of his grandson Herod Aj^ripjia I. (who died A.D. 44, Ac 12-') ; these were kmgs of all Palestine. Another such kingdom was that of Polemo {llo\4iiui>) to the cast of Pontus; this kingdom e.\isted up to A.D. G3 ; one of the Polemos married Berenice or Bernice (Ac 25'^). A third such kingdom was Lyeaonia Antiochi (between Galatia and Cilicia), wliich is indirectly alluded to in Ac 18'^, where St. Paul is said to have gone through ttji' raXaTtKrif Xw/iai" Kol 'Ppvylav, i.e. he visited lirst that part of Lyeaonia which was not part of the subject king- dom but was incorporated in the (iiovince Galatia, and then he went through Phrygia or ' the Phrygian ' [region] (ct. 16", tt)v <f>pi'ylai' rai raXariKTif Xuipa.", which by the grammatical construction must mean ' the region which was both Phrygian and Galatic,' i.e. that part of Phrygia which was incorporated in the province Galatia ; cf. Ram.say, St. Paid, p. 210). Herod Agrippa II. was king (or tetrarch) of Chalcis in CoeleSyria (the Lebanon), and afterwards of Northern Pales- tine ; in Ac 25'^ he is called 'Agrippa the king,' and the word ' king ' is emphasized in these chapters ; he died A.D. 100. Herod Antipas was also popularly called 'king' (Mk 6'-', Mt 14"), but he was really tetrarch (Mt 14') of Galilee (Lk 3', TtrpaapxovPTO!) and Pera;a (Jos. Ant. XVII. viii. 1). Archelaus succeeded his father Herod the Great in Judifa and Samaria as 'ethnarch,' without the title of king, though St. Matthew uses the verb jiafTiXeveif of him (2="). Herod Philip was tetrarch of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias of Abilene (Lk3'). The existence of tliese kings and tetrarchs was due to the wise tolerance of the Romans, and it paved the way for direct Roman rule, and in- directly for the spread of Christianity.
Against the decisions of both governors and kings there lay an appeal to the Emperor. That of St. Paul is recorded in Ac 25"'- (cf. 28"'), but it is disputed whether it was from the Sanhedrin to the Roman tribunal or from Festus to Ca'sar. The latter view seems best to suit the circum- stances of the case. The appeal need not neces- sarily have been granted ; but as we see from Agrippa's remark in 26'=, once it was allowed, the prisoner could not be released.
(d) In 19^' the Asiarchs, officials in the province of Asia, are mentioned. But the Asiarch was not, strictly speaking, an administrator of the law. In the provinces there were organized .as.sociatioiis of cities, having to a great extent a religious char- acter, though having also some relation to the law. Such an association was called 'commune' (r6 Koivdv). Each 'commune' was presided over by an officer named after the province ; thus ho was called Asiarch in Asia, Galatiarch in Galatia, etc. He was pre.sident of the games, and had an un- defined influence in civil att'airs. The plural ' Asiarchs ' in 19^' perhaps implies that past holders of the office retained the title. For these offices aeeihe Marty rdiim of Polycarp, xii.,an(l Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, pt. ii., ' Ignatius'-', London, 1SS9. iii. 404 1V.
2. Administration of the law. The Romans did