It will thus become readily apparent that with the new conception of God revealed in the Cross of Christ these two aspects of NT sainthood issue in the result that moral obligation in the Christian life is not merely reinforced, but deepened and enriched. The enervating sense of impossibilitj', and the facile acceptance of a two-fold standard of living, so interwoven with the popular use of the word 'saint,' are really the still persistent product of the monastic ideal, and are seen to be, what they really are, a fundamental denial of the Christian faith, which is essentially the acceptance of a filial relationship to God. The moral activi- ties of the saint are rooted in a ' patience' which obeys the voice of illumined conscience, and humbly believes in Jesus at all costs (Kev 14'- ; cf. Col l").
LiTERATtme. — H. J. Holtzmann, Lefirhitck der NT Theologies, 2 vols., Tubingen, 1911 {passim) ; P. Peine. Thenlogie des ST, Leipzij, 1910 (passim); art- 'Saint' in II DB; R. Law, The Tests of IJ/e, Edinburgh, 1909, p. 90f. ; J. Denney, The Wai/ Ererlastinp, London, 1911, p. 113(1. ; F. Paget, Studies in the Christian Character, do., 1895, p. 5.5 ff. ; H. F. Amiel, .Joumat Intime^, Geneva, 1887, tr. Mrs, Humphry Ward, London, 1898, p. 147; J. H. Newman, Parochial and Plain Sermons (Selection), do., 1868, pp. 260fr., 27" ff.
R. H. Strachan.
SAL AMIS (Sa\a;i(s).—Salamis, the most import- ant city of ancient Cyprus, was the first place visited by St. Paul and Barnabas in their first missionary journey (Ac 13'). Situated at the eastern extremity of tiie island, about e'luidistant from Cilicia in ttie north and Syria in the east, it was the emporium of the wide and fertile plain of Salaminia, which stretched inward between two mountain ranges as far as Nicosia, the present capi- tal of Cyprus. Once a centre of Myceuie.au civiliza- tion, and afterwards colonized by the Greeks, Salaniis became the arena of a long conflict Ix^tween an ICastern and a Western culture, I'hcenicia and Hellas here contending with and profoundly in- fluencing one another.
The city pos.sessed a fine harbour, near which the Athenians defeated the Phoenicians, the allies of Persia, in 449 B.C. The same waters witnessed the greatest sea-fight of anc'ient times, in which Demetrius the son of Antigonus achieved in .306 n.C. a brilli.ant victory over Ptolemy Soter and thus wrested the Island from him. But after a few years Cyprus was again in the possession of the Egyptian king, and it was probably during his reign that Jews began to settle in the isl.and, to which a letter is said to have been sent by the Roman Senate on behalf of this people about 139 B.C. (1 Mac 15'-^). Their numbers were doubtless greatly increased in the time of Herod tlie Great, when ' Cicsar made him a present of half the copper mines in Cyprus, and committed the care of the other half to him' (Jos. A nt. XVI. iv. 5). Many Jews must have made their home in Salamis, where Barnabas (himself a Cypriote, Ac 4^) and St. Paul found synagogues, in wliich they 'proclaimed thewordof (Jod' (Ac 13°). The historian has recorded no inciilents or results of this visit. After the 'sharp contention' of St. Paul and Barnabas at the beginning of the second missionary tour, the latter went back to labour in his native island, taking his cousin Mark with him (15'*). During a widespread insurrection in tlie reign of Hadrian (A.D. 117), the Jews of Salamis, grown numerous and wealthy, rose and massacred their fellow-citizens, and the once populous city became almost a de.sert. ' Hadrian, afterwards Emperor, landed on the island, and marched to the assistance of the few inhabitants who had been able to act on the defensive. He defeated the Jews, expelled them from the island, to whose beautiful coasts no .Jew was ever after permitted to approach. If one were accidentally wrecked on the inhospit- able shore, he was instantly put to death ' (H. 11. Milman, Hist, of the Jews*, London, IS06, ii. 421). Devastated by earthquakes in the time of Cim- stantius and Constantine, Salamis was restored by Constantiusll. and named Constantia, Epiphanius, the writer on the heretical sects, was its archbishop A.D. 367-402. The story that Barnab.as suffered martyrdom there is a late legend. His relics, w ith a copy of the First Gospel, were ' discovered ' in A.D. 477, and the Emperor Zeno consequently made the Cyprian Church independent of the patriarchate of Antioch. The site of the ancient city is now covered by sandhills, its place being taken by Famagusta, 2i miles S., where there is a good natural harbour.
Literature.— Conybeare-Howson, The Life and Epistles of SSt. Paul, new ed., 1877, i. 109 ff.; T. Lewin. The Life and Epistles 0/ .St. Paul->, 1875; J. A. R. Munro and H. A. Tubbs, in ,///Sxii. (1891) 69 ff., 29811. JaMKS STUAHAN.
SALEM.— See Jerusalem, Melchizedek.
SALMONE CZaXfjLiivr); Strabo usually writes 2a/*(i- vLov, sometimes ^aXucii/iof ; Pliny, Sammonium). — Saliiione is a iiromoiitory in the e.ast of Crete (Ac 27'). It is uncertain whether the modern Cape Sidero, in the extreme N.E., or Cape Plaka, about
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SALUTATIONS
7 miles farther S., was so named. The map of Crete in K/ii" gives tlie latter. It has been sur- mised that the ancient usage itself varied. On passing Cnidos, the S. E. corner of Asia Minor, St. Paul's Alexandrian ship was beaten out of her course, which would have taken her straiglit to Cythera, north of Crete, and obliged to hear S.W. by S. till she came over against (Kara) Salinone, from wliich point she could work slowly westward uniler the lee of the island. The season was autumn, during which the Etesian (north-west) winds blow in the M<;ei\.n for forty days, beginning at the rise of the dog-star (Herodotus, vi. 140, vii. IGS) ; ' perllant his Uiebus, quos Etesias vocant' (I'liny, HN ii. 47). Aristotle describes them as /j^i^Lv ^x^^'^^'^ "^^^ '"^ ^"^^ '"^s ipKTov tfi^poiUviav KoX ^eipiipuv (de Mundo, iv. 15).