SMOKE
SMYRNA
513
against that suspension of s]iiritiial activity whicli is iniplieil in sleep, inasnuK'li as Ciiiistians are llie cliildren of tlie day (I Th o"- ') and not of tlie nij;lit, and he calls upon them to awake out of sleep (Ko 13", Eph 5'*).
Slee]) lias always been a profound mystery, and it is still the crux in physiology and psyeholo^'y. The avenues of sense are elused and the mind is detached from the outside world. There is some- thinj; awe-inspiring in the motionless face of the sleejier, temporarily deprived of sij;ht and move- ment, the torpor of muscle and nerve and the unresponsiveness of the whole organism presenting a striking contrast to the same personality when completely awake. All the activities are lowered, the (lulse falls about one-lifth, the circulation is slower, the jirocessof nutrition is retarded and the e.xcitatiou of the nerves diminished. Whilst the central activity is lowered, it is a moot point whether there is a greater or a less quantity of blood in the brain during slee]i, and there is also some doubt with reganl to the state of the blood itself. It is believuil that the ' tensiotial forces' have a (chance of recu]ierating themstdves during the muscular inacti^•ity induced by sleep and bj' the diminished production of heat. Whilst the nerves are in a less e.xcitable condition during sleep, the organic pro- cesses, which are still continued in a le.ss active degree,make themselves felt indre;ims. The mental activity, liberated from the elfort of attention to outward objects, may co-operate with the organic sensations to work up the materials of dream- fancies.
F. W. H. Myers, in harmony with his own theories, treats .sleep as a positive and definite phase of personality co-ordinate with the waking phase. He contends that in special cases the power over the muscles is much greater than during the waking consciousness. The mind is set free from the activity of the organism to pursue its own quest, and it is refreshed and enriched therebj' for the tasks of ordinary waking life. Like genius, it draws upon unknown and spiritual sovirces, and is exempt from the limitations of connexion with nerves and brain. It is not surprising, therefore, that sleep should appear to the onlooker as ' Death's twin-brother' and that the old Hebrews should have committed their dead to the tomb with the reflexion that they had fallen asleep and were laid to rest with their fathers. And all through the ages death has been spoken of as a sleep, but with far more appropriateness under Christian influ- ence, as with the Christian's hope there will be a glorious awaking to life at its fullest and best. Since we discriminate amongst our experiences, as to whether we are dreaming or fully awake, by the higher degree of vividness and of the sense of activity as well as by the deeper conviction of reality in the latter states, so may we be led to expect that when we see things as they are, sub specie CEternifntis, our experience will be analogous at least to awaking out of sleep, and our earthly life found to be the stvitl' of which dreams are nuule. See art. Dream. J. G. Jamks.
SMOKE [Kairfd!). — Smoke is the visible vapour or volatile matter which escapes from a burning substance. It is one of the commonest categories of apocalyptic ]iropliecy. In St. John's imagery the smoke of incense Iq.v.), with (or rather 'for,' i.e. ' in aid of ') the prayers of saints, goes up before God (Rev 8*). The heavenly temple is filled with smoke from the glory of (Jod (15", Is 6'), a symbol of the dark and mj'sterious side of His self-mani- festation, representing jierhaps the reaction of His holiness against sin. The prophet tjoel's omens of blood and fire and vapour of smoke (.\c 2" II Jl 2^") may refer either to carnage and destruction
VOL. 11.-3.^
in war or to lurid appearances in Nature. The smoke which issues Irom the opened pit of the ahy.ss, darkening sun and air like the smoke of a great furnace (Katilrov), and resolving itself into demons in the form of locusts (Kev !)'-'•). was sug- gested either by the mephitic fumes emitted from <hasnis an<l caverns, or the clouds of vapour rising from hot springs, or the lire and smoKe belched forth by volcanoes, all of which phenomena seemed to the pre-scientilic mind to be connected with a subterranean Hades. Out of the mouths of the apocalyptic horses, which have the heads of lions, there come lire and smoke (9"), as from the mouth of Leviathan (Job-Jl'-"; cf. Diomede's horses, Lucret. i/i; licrum nut. v. 2'.t). The smoke of the torment of Ca-sar-worshippers goes n)i for ever in sight of the holy angels and tlie Lamb (Rev 14"), a weird conception suggested by Enuch, xxvii. 2. 3, xlviii. !), xc. 26. 27. The smoke of burning Habylon — Imperial Rome — resembling that of the cities of the I'lain (Gn lO'-*), is seen from af.ir by the kings of the earth (Rev 18") and all shipmasters and mariners (18"'-), as it ascends for ever and ever (19-'). James Strahan.
SMYRNA i^fivpva). — Smyrna has been an im- portant citj' for at least 30UO years. Occupying one of the most beautiful and commanding posi- tions in the eastern .-Ege-'in co.'istland, at the bead of a deej) and sheltered gulf, it has had a very chequered but honourable historj', and it is to-day by far the most yrosperous city in Asia Minor having a quarter of a million inhabitants. 'Old Smyrna ' — 17 TraXaii ^fivpva (Strabo, XIV. i. 37) — was coloni/ed by the /Kolians, captured from them bj' the lonians, and almost destroj'ed (in the 7th cent. B.C.) by the Lydians. It lay under Mt. Sipylos, 2 or 3 miles N. of ' New Smyrna,' which was founded by Lysiniachus (c. 290 B.C.), and built along the southern shore of the Gulf and up the slopes of Mt. Pagos, the W'esternmost spur of the Tniolus range.