Literature. — EBi,&rt. 'Trial, Tryinfj,' HDB, art. 'Tempt, Temptation,' DCG, art. 'Temptation'; SiiB. art. 'Tempta- tion' ; Handkommentarzym y'C-'ii Te^taimnt-, Freiburg, 139'2, 8.V. ' Versuchung ' in Indexes ; H. Ewald, Old and New 2'esta- vient rheolorfii, Eng. tr., Etlillburgli, 1888, p. 263 «f. ; F. W. Robertson, Sermons, 1st ser., London, 1875, serm. vii. ; John Foster, Lectures, do., 1853, i. 42 ff.
■WiLLi.\M Watson. TEN.— See Numbers.
TENT, TENT-MAKING.— In only one instance is <rKi;i'i) translated 'tent.' This occurs in He 11^ R'V, where ' tents' replaces 'tabernacles' of AV. Other passages containing (TicT]vi) are dealt with under art. Tabernacle. Of the derived mean- ings the only one that need be remarked on is found in 2 Co 5'" *, where aKrivoi (t6) in the sense of 'tabernacle' or 'bodily frame' evidently arises from the ' light tent-house that has no permanency ' (A. Deissmann, St. Pavl, London, 1912, p. 62 ; cf. p. 51); cf. aKTivCifia (2 P 1"- '■■) and the metaphor underlying t6 draXOirai (Ph 1^), avoKvais (2 Ti 4"), 'breaking up' (an encampment); see J. B. Light- foot, Philippians*, London, 1878, p. 93.
The chief interest centres in the compound word ' tentmakers ' (irK>)i'07roioi'), occurring in Ac 18'. The clause in which it appears is not found in Codex Bezse. This omission is signilicant in view of the indeliniteness of 20^* (see W. M. Ramsay, The Church in the Roman Empire, London, 1893, p. 159, and St. Paul the Traveller and the Eomnn Citizen, London, 1895, p. 253). The collocation 5ia rb Ofj-drex^oy el^'at and rjaay yap (TKijPOwoiol rrj r^x^V '^ ^^^t by Ramsay to be awkward (.Si. Paul the Traveller, p. 2.53). in spite of this, most commentators are content to accept the additional clause (bracketed, AV ; without brackets, RV), and devote attention to the nature of the craft or trade pursued by St. Paul. In regard to this, opinion is divided as to whether he was a weaver of the cloth for tents or whether, the cloth being supplied, he shaped and sewed this together to make tents (see W. M. Furneaux, The Acts of the Apostles, Oxford, 191'2, p. 294 ; F. Godet, Introduction to the Neto Testa- ment, The Epistles of St. Paul, Edinburgh, 1894, p. 69f.). The word employed (incrjpoTroioO favours the latter view, inasmuch as it names tents and not materi.als for tents. It may be objected, how- ever, that the manipulation of the web for the specific purpose of tent-making was not sufficient to call for special artisans. All the processes of spinning, weaving, shaping, and sewing together are combined by the Bedouin of the present day ([. Benzinger, /7('&rajscAe^-lrcAao^o,i7ie-,Ttibingen, 1907, pp. 88, 146). On the other hand, the fact that St. Paul was a native of Cilicia, where the industry of
weaving goat's hair into a rough kind of cloth was general, sup|)orts the former view (E. Schiirer, HJP u. i. [Kdinburgh, 1885] 44 n. ; IIDB iii. 699"). It is pcrniissilile to think that this ciliciutn, as it was called, jiassed as an article of commerce in the form of a web < f stated dimensions, which would re(]uiie adjustment before it could be used for par- ticular purposes. On the whole, the likelihood is that St. Paul and his fellow-craftsmen made neither the web nor the complete tent, but curtains of several webs' width, which, when liung, formed tents (SDB, art. 'Spinning and Weaving').
Chrysostoiu's aKiji'op/'jd'po^ (from pdinu), 'sew or stitch together') would seem to point to the craft of tent-tailor, but the alternative aKirrord/Moi, .also given l)y him (and Origen), shows that he probably had another material, viz. Icilher, in his mind. That St. Paul was a worker in leather is accepted by J. Mollatt (The Historical New Testament-, Edinburgh, 1901, p. 445; cf. H. A. W. Meyer, Acts of the Apostles, Edinburgh, 1877, ii. 131 f.). For a discu.ssion of i)i>ioTroi6s, 'saddler,' probably a confusion with <TK-qvoTroi.6s [EOT, 'Acts,' London, 1900, p. 385), see .^.y^rviii. [1896-97] 109, 153, 286.
LiTBRATURE. — This is sutficiently indicated in the article.
W. Cruickshank. TERTIUS (T^pTios, a Latin name).— Tertius is the amanuensis of St. Paul who in Ko 16--' inter- poses a greeting in his own name to the Apostle's readers, ' I Tertius, who write the epistle, salute you in the Lord ' (RV), or possibly, ' I Tertius salute you, who write the epistle in the Lord ' (d(T7rdto/iat v^ds iyd T^prtos 6 ypd^as Trjv ^7naTo\-r)v if Kvplif). That St. Paul generally dictated his letters and adtied a few words in his own hand- writing is clear from 1 Co 16=', Gal 6", Col 4'8, 2 Th 3", and probably Philem ". The amanuensis no doubt took down the Apostle's words in short- hand, which was exten.sively used at the time, and later wrote out the letter for transmission (the employment of diflerent amanuenses has been thought to account to some extent for the consider- able diversity of style in the Pauline Epistles ; see Sanday-Headlain, ICC, 'Romans''', 1900, p. Ix). Then St. Paul took up the pen and authenticated the letter, thus guarding against the palming ofl' of forged documents under his name. Other post- scripts of this kind have been suspected in the dox- ology (Ro 16-=--'') and in 2 Co 13'"'', Ph 4-'*-, 1 Th 5-''"^-. All this was quite in accordance with the custom of the time. If we can suppose, with some, that the ' stake in the Hesh ' from which the Apostle sufl'ered was ophthalmia, or that he was unfamiliar with the use of the pen owing to his manual labour of tent-making, there would seem to be sufficient reason for St. Paul following the custom. Nothing further is known of Tertius. It is quite as unlikely that St. Paul kept a regular secretary as that Tertius was a slave whom he hired to do the work. He must have been a faithful attendant and com- panion of the Apostle, who, whether the alterna- tive rendering given above be correct or not, ' wrote the epistle in the Lord,' i.e. as a Christian, in a spirit of loving service (see G. Milligan, Thessa- lonlans, 1908, Note A, p. 124 ft'.). His personal salutation does not necessarily imply that he was known to those to \\hom the letter was directed. If its destination was Rome, it is just po.ssible that, as he bears a Latin name and was jierhaps a Roman, he may have had friends among those whom the Apostle greets. If we suppose that the salutations were sent to Ephesian Christians, we may con- jecture that Tertius had met many of them on tlie missionary journeys on which he may have ac- companied St. Paul. T. B. Allworthv.