i. St. James and the Temple. — James the Just, the Lord's brother, represented two ideas — the con- tinuance of the Church in union with the Temple, and the hope of the conversion of Israel. He was the acknowledged leader of those Christians who were zealous for the Law (tT/Xwrai toO vd/iov, Ac 21-°). If he conceded the principle of Gentile Christian freedom, he did it reluctantly. He was the staunch defender not only of the primacy but of the permanence of Judaic Christianity. After his martyrdom (Euseb. HE ii. 23) his spirit and ideal survived for a time, but the swift and dramatic evolution of events made the position of the Christian Church in the Jewish nation and under the Law more and more untenable. When the excitement of the conflict with Rome gradually became intense, and the inevitable crisis approached, the Christians found it necessary (about A.D. 67) to quit Jerusalem and migrate to the Hellenistic city of Pella, beyond the Jordan. Their hope of a Jewish national Church, centralized in the Temple and giving both law and gospel to mankind, had at least to be postponed. But in this instance postponement meant ultimate abandonment. In three years the Temple was destroyed, Jewish nationality shattered, and St. James's theory of a hegemony of Judaic Christianity confuted by the remorseless logic of history. But a far higher ideal could then he realized. ' The hour conieth, when neither in this mountain, nor in Jerusalem, shall ye worship the Father' (Jn 4'-'). 'And he showed me the holy city Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God. . . . And I saw no temple therein' (Rev 21'»- ^2).
LiTERATURB. — A. Hausfath, History of the NT Times, London, ISil.i, ii. 17«ff. ; E. F. Scott, The Apuloqetie of the NT, do., 1907, p. 78 £f. J AMES STRAHAN.
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TEMPLE-KEEPEK,
TEMPTATION, TRIAL
TEMPLE-KEEPER.— See DiANA.
TEMPTATION, TRIAL.—' Temptation ' is the AV translation of Trapaands in every instance ex- cept one (1 V 4'-); and generally in RV, but not in Ac 'JO'", Kev 3'°, 1 V 4'-, wliere we lind ' trials,' 'trial,' anil 'jirove.' The cognate verb is usually tr. 'tempt,' but we also lind 'assay,' Ac !)-" and 16' (AV and KV) 24^ (KV) ; ' go about,' '24« (AV) ; 'examine,' 2 Co 13= (AV), 'try' (KV). The com- pound verb iKireLpat^oi is tr. ' tempt ' by both Eng. versions (1 Co 10'). The tempter is 6 ireipai'wi' (1 Th 3', AV and RV). 'AireipacrTot is rendered 'cannot be tempted' (Ja 1'', AV and RV).
' Trial ' in AV represents doK^/xi) (2 Co 8- ; RV 'proof'); BokI/j.iov {I P 1'; RV 'proof'); Tnipa (He 11^*, AV .and RV). 'Try' represents SoKi/idj'u (1 Co 3", 1 Th 2^, 1 P 1', 1 Jn 4> ; RV ' prove '), which, liowever, in RV is always and in AV is more frequently tr. ' prove ' or ' approve ' (for ' ap- prove'see G. L. Craik, The English of Shakespeare, London, 1869, p. 147f.); Treipi^oi{liell", Rev2-'^-i»3", AV and RV ' try ') ; rreipair^iis ( 1 P 4'^ ; RV ' prove'). ' Tried ' is 56)ci/xos ( Ja 1'- ; RV ' approved '), in every other instance tr. ' approve ' in both AV and RV.
To ' tempt' does not always mean to 'seduce to sin.' The Gr. word usually so tr. may mean merely 'attempt.' St. Paul 'attempted' to join himself to the disciples (Ac 9-*). He 'attempted ' to go into Bithynia ( 16"). He was accused of ' attempt- ing ' to profane the Temple (24"). It may mean to 'try,' 'examine,' in order to ascertain the quality or nature of a thing or person. ' The hour of trial or temptation ... is to come ... to try or tempt them that dwell upon the earth' (Rev 3'"). The angel of the church in Ephesus ' tried ' or ' tempted ' them which called themselves apostles and were not, and found them false (2-). ' Tempta- tions ' may be circumstances which give a man an opportunity of showing what is in him. Thus St. James exhorts his readers to count it all joy when they fall into manifold 'temptations' (1-). The ancient worthies were ' tempted,' and acquitted themselves like the heroes they were (He 11"). St. Paul met with 'trials' which befell him by the plots of the Jews (Ac 20'*; cf. He IP"). Some- times it is clear that the hope is entertained that the person tempted will stand the test. Abraham was 'tried,' and ottered up Isaac (He 11"). St. Paul exhorts the Corinthians to ' try ' themselves, to ' prove ' themselves (2 Co 13'). The angel of the church in Smyrna is warned that some of them will be cast into prison that they may be 'tried' (Rev 2'°). St. Peter tells his readers that the fiery trial {wuptiia-ts) among them cometh upon them to 'tempt' or to 'prove' them (1 P 4'^). St. Paul rejoices that the ' temptation ' to the Galatians in his flesh was overcome by them (Gal 4'*). 'God cannot be tempted with evil'(Ja 1'^), but there is a sense in which He may be ' tempted ' or ' tried.' Men by their sinful and rebellious conduct may provoke Him to display His righteous indignation against sin, and when they act otherwise than in accordance with His will they may be said to be ' tempting ' or ' trying ' Him. Thus St. Peter says that Aniinias and Sapphira are ' tempting ' the Spirit of tlie Lord by their deceit with regard to their property (Ac 5"). The same Apostle asserts that the brethren are ' tempting ' God by wishing to subject the Gentile converts to circumcision (15'°). In the day of temptation in the wilderness the Israelites 'tempted' God (He 3»'-, 1 Co 10'). There are not a few instances in which ' tempta- tion ' means seduction to sin or exposure to the danger of falling before it. 'They that desire to be rich fall into a temptation and a snare ' (1 Ti 6'). The married amongst the Corinthians are warned to beware lest Satan ' tempt ' them because of their