and Psychology,' ch. iv. app. ii.) finds traces of glosxolalia in the Testament of Job and in the magical papyri, e.g. the Leiden jiapyrus, where Hermes is invoked in unintilligilile symbols. The use of strange words in magical fornmlas or charms which is to be found in circles alien to the apostolic comnmnilies may properly be adduced as parallels to t/tu.i.wlalia ; but it would ap]iear that (jlox.iolalia speedily vanished from apostolic Christianity. There is no reference to it in the Apostolic I'athers. The passages quoted from Irenu'us (Hcer. v. vi. 1) and Tertullian (c. Marc. V. 8) are not convincing proofs that the practice was in vogue in their own times, while Chrysostoni in the 4th cent, is unable to explain what its real nature was. Lake notes the case of the Camisards, a sect of French Protestants in the early 18th cent., who are known nmler stress of religious emotion to have ' uttered exhortations in good French, although, in their ordinary state of consciousness, they were incapable of speaking anything but the Romance patois of the C6vennes' (loc. cit., p. 245). A clearer ]iarallel to qlossolalia is the more familiar case of the Irvingites, whose ecstatic utterances were an unintelligible jargon. Lake's examination of the phenomena as a whole demonstrates that from the standpoint of psy- chology there is nothing in itself unreasonable in uncontrolled or uncontrollable speech. When the subliminal consciousness is called into play or energy by religious emotion, there results a. para- phasia which may take tlie form of speaking languages previously not known by the speaker, or uttering speech unintelligible to the hearer. The whole subject is invested with renewed interest by the modern study of religious pathology and psychology. It would now appear that s|)eaking with tongues, like so many other |>benomena of the spiritual consciousness, whether in the records of the Scriptures or in non-canonical writings or in the general annals of the Christian life in all ages, is capable of reasonable explanation on p.sycho- logical lines, even if all the data fail to yield a satisfactory meaning to the inquirer.
Literature. — In adrlition to the works named under Gn^8 and Prophecy, the following may be consulted : K. Lake, The Earlier Epistles of St. PauP, London, 1914 : H. A. A. Kennedy, St. Paul and the M ii>^tery- lieligiona, London, 1913 ; J. Weiss, Der ernle Korintherbrief, Gotiingen, llilo ; F. G. Hencke, 'The Gift of Tongues and Related Phenonu-na at the Present Day,' in A.ITh xiii. |1!)09) 11)3-206; W. James, The Varieties of Reli(iiuu.v Experience^. London, I90;{, lects. ix. and X. ; E. Mosiman, />(f.s- Zungenreden. fjeschichtlich und pst/cho- lnqisch untersue/it, Tubingen, 1911 (contains an excellent biblio- eraphy). K. MARTIN PoPE.
TOPAZ (roTrdfiov). — Topaz is the ninth founda- tion-stone of the New Jerusalem (Rev 21'-'"). The topaz of modern mineralogy was almost unknown to the ancients, and the stone denoted by ToirdiLov was probably that variety of olivine w liich is now- termed chrysolite or peridot. It was found in the Toirdfios pija-oi of the Red Sea. Pliny (IIN xxxvii. 8) speaks of it as held in very high estimation, 'e virenti genere,' and Strabo (XVI. iv. 6) says :
'The topaz is a translucent stone, sparkling with a golden lustre. It is not easy to distinguish in the daytime, because it is outshone, but at night it is visible to those who collect it. Placing a vessel over the spot as a mark, they dig (the stones) up by day. A body of men is appointed and maintained by the kings of Egypt to guard the place where they are found, and to superintend the collection of them.*
This ancient topaz was soft and easily engraved : 'eadem sola nobilium limam sentit' (Pliny, lor. cit.). The modern topaz, on the contrary, is nearly as hard as a diamond. James StRAHAN.
TORMENT.— The noun 'torment' is the tr., in all ])assages except one, of ^aaaviaixb^, a Or. word found in the NT only in Rev. In 1 .In 4" »t6Xa<ris is so tr. in AV (RV 'punishment'). The cognate
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verb paaavl^u is rendered ' torment ' in four out of six passages, the exceptions being Kev IS'' (AV ' pained,' RV 'in pain ') and 2 P 2" (AV and RV ' vexed '). In AV KaKovxioixai is in one of tlie two cases of its occurrence rendered ' torment ' ( He IF': RV 'evil entreat'). In 4 l^^f' 'torment' is the rendering of cruciiiincntum in ix. 9, xiii. 38 (AV and RV), of crucintus in vii. 67 (RV), of tormentum in vii. 36, 38 (RV), oi sup/iikiiuii in vii. 66, 80, 84, 86 (RV), of cruciamentum in ix. 12 (RV ; AV 'pain'). Criiciare is tr. 'torment' in xiii. 38 (AV and RV) and torquere in v. 34 (RV).
Torment is physical, or mental, or both. Of mental torment we have instances in 2 P 2", where Lot is said to have ' vexed ' (RVni ' tormented ') his soul with the lawless deeds of liis neighbours ; in Rev 11'°: 'These two prophets tormented them that dwell on the earth ' ; in 4 Ezr. v. 34 : ' My reins torment (torquent) me every hour while I labour to comprehend the way of the Most High ' ; and in vii. 64 : ' 15y reason of this we are tormented (cruciainur), because we perish and know it.'