Literature. — The ancient authorities are : Josephus, HJ, bks. ili.-vii. ; Tacitus, HitttorieSthka. i.-v. ; Xiphilinus' ppitoine of Dio Cassius, bks. Ixv. and Ixvi. ; Suetonius, Titus ; Sextus Aurelius Victor, de Co'sarihus Lihi-r; nunierouH inscriiitions collected to 1901 in H. C. Newton, The Epiiiraphical Eindenca for the Reigns of Vespasian and Titus (ii'ornell Studies in Classical Philology, xvi. 'Coins'). Ithaca, N.Y., 1901.
Modern works : K. Weynand, in I'auly-Wissowa, vi. 2(395 ff. ; H. Dessau, in I'rmopmirajihia Imperii Rornani, Berlin, 13l>7, ii. 79 (no. 264) ; M. Beule, Titus und seine Dynastie, ed. E. Doehler, Halle, IST.'i ; also the relevant parts of the following; histories : V. Duruy, History of Rome, Eng. tr., 6 vols., London, 18S3-8(!; J. B. Bury, student's Ilistonj of thr Roman Empire, do., 1893: H. Schiller, Geschichte der ruinisrhen Kaiserzeit, i. (Gotha, 1883] 51S flf. ; A. von Domaszewski, Geschichte der rOmischen Kaiser, ii. [Leipzig, 1909] 155 Cf.
A. SOUTER.
TITOS, EPISTLE TO See Timothy and
TITU.S, El'I.STLES TO.
TITUS JUSTUS (so in the MSS NE. ; B reads
'Tiliiis .Justus' as do the Vulgate and the Memjiliitic Versions).— The name is mentioned only once in the NT, Ac 18'. He was a Gentile who had been brought under the influence of the Jewish synagogue in Corinth. As a ]irosclyte, he heard St. Paul preach there. Evidently he was favourably impressed ; and, when the opposition of the Jews drove St. Paul ' to the tJentiles,' Titus offered him the use of his luiu.se (which was practi- cally next door to the synagogue) as a meeting-
place. It is extremely likely that he became a cim- vert to Christianity. Attempts have been made to identify him with several peo|ile, a,s, e.g., with Titus (the recipient of St. Paul's Epistle), and — by AV. M. Ramsay, on much better grounds — with Gains. Gaius was an early convert in Corinth (1 Co \") ; and St. Paul refers to him in I!o Hi-^ as ' my host and of the whole church,' wlii<h might mean the person in whose house the church met. But no identilication can be established.
A. C. Ileadlam describes Titus Justus as ' evi- dently a Roman or a Latin, one of tlieioloni of the colony Corinth' (//yj/i ii. 829'')— i.e. a descendant of th(! colonists 'established there in B.C. 46, who would on the whole constitute a sort of local aristocracy' (W. M. Ramsay, ib. i. 481"). Evi- dentlj' his social position was good ; and probably St. Paul accepted the offer of his house not because it was so near the synagogue as to be a rival meet- ing-house, but because it afforded the Ajxjstlo access to the more educated classes of the Corinthian population. Although St. Paul used an exasperat- ing gesture when he broke with the Jews in the synagogue, there is no need to charge him with being tieliberately non-conciliatory. But the op- portunity of preaching in the house of such a citizen as Titus Justus overbore all other consiilera- tion.s. Code.\ Bezie describes St. Paul as leaving the house of Aquila to lodge with Titus ; but this is due to the reviser's misunderstanding of the text.
LiTKRATCRE. — A. C. Headlam, art. ' Justus ' in HDD ii. 829ii ; W. M. Ramsay, art. 'Corinth.' ib. i. 4S1-4S2; W. Lock, art. ' Titus,' i'^. iv. 7S2'S W. M. Ramsay, The C/iurch in the Roman Empire, Loudon, 1893, p. 15S, .S'(. Paul the Traveller and the Roman Citizen, do., 1S95, pp. 256-257; Exp, 8th ser., i. [I'.lll] ;i41, V. 119131 354 n. ; EGT, '1 Corinthians," do.. 191)0, p. 730 ; C. von Weizsacker, Tlie Apostolic Age, Eng. tr., i.'-^, do., 1897, pp. 30S-309. J. E. ROBEKTS.
TOKEN. — This word occurs three times in the Pauline Epistles, and nowhere else in the EVVof the ajiostolic writings. The jiassages are 2 Th 1°, Pli 1^, 2 Th 3", AV and RV giving identical renderings in each. In 2 Th 1" the Greek Ifoayfxa is translated l)y ' manifest token' ; in I'll 1^ lnoeiit^ is translated by 'evident token'; in 2 Th 3" 'token' reiuleis (rrjfJ'f'Of. 'I'he two first passages may conveniently be taken together, both because of their general resemblance and because the two Greek words which ' token ' represents are closely related. In 2 Th 3" it represents a different word, occurring in a totally dill'crent context.
1. In 2 Th P, St. Paul, speaking for himself and his associates, saj's to the Tiiessalonians : ' We our- selves glory in you in the churches of God for your p.ttience and faith in all your persecutions and in the afllictions which ye endure; which is a mani- fest token of the righteous judgement of tiod.' The word li'Seiyp.a (' manifest token ') occurs only here in the Greek Bible ; its general significance is 'proof or 'evidence' (not exemplum as the Vul- gate, but rather inilicium as Beza). The interjire- tation of the passage involves a two- fold question : (r() What is meant by ' the rigliteous judgement of God ' ? (6) What is the ' manifest token ' (IvSeiyna) of it? The 'righteous judgement' is the future and final judgment referred to in vv."''", based on the jirinciple of compensation laid down by our Lord in Lk 16^, that the sufferers of this world shall rest hereafter, and the persecutors shall sull'er. It is not, however, suffering per se that can look forward to this future rest and joy but sutl'cring that comes of faith, and is endured for (he King- dom of (iod (v.°). Tills sullcring, ins]iired by failli in God and endured with the conviclion that He reigns and will ultimately exhibit His ' righteous judgement,' is itself the 'evidence,' the 'manifest token ' of the coining of that judgment.