The conflict with traditionalism, which figures so prominently in the Gospels, sinks into insignifi- cance in the rest of the NT. The problem that con- fronted St. Paul was that of the Law itself, while the other writers were concerned with the weighty matters of Christian faith and life. Only a few faint traces of tradition appear in their writings — mere survivals from the dead past of Judaism. Thus the allusions of St. Stephen to the burial of Jacob and all his children in Sychera, to Moses' learning ' in all the wisdom of the Egyptians,' and to the presence of angels at the giving of the Law (Ac 7'*'' -^' ^*' °^) are doubtless drawn from Jewish Hilggad6th ; examples of the same thing are found in St. Paul's references to the Rock that followed the Israelites (1 Co 10''), to the seducing of Eve by the serpent (2 Co IP), and to the ministry of angels (Gal 3" ; cf . He 2-), while the direct use of Haggadic literature is suggested in such texts as 2 Ti 3"-, 1 P 3'sf-, 2 P i^«], Jude «f-. The influence of Hal- akhic exegesis is equally evident in the Apostle's method of argument in Ro 9™-, Gal 42"f-, 1 Co Q"'- (cf. 1 Ti 5'8).
L1TBRAT11RE.— L. Zunz, Die gottffdiensttichen Vortrdrje. der Jtuim, Berlin, 1832 ; E. Deutscb, The Talmud, in his Literary Remains, London, 1874 ; H. L. Strack, Einleilunq in den Talmud*, Leipzig, 1908; M. Mielziner, Introduction to the Talmud^, New York, 1903; S. Schechter, art. 'Talmud,' in HDH V. 57 ft. ; W. Bacher, Die Agada der Tannaiten, 2 vols., Strassbiirg, 1884-90, Die Agada der hahylonischen Amoraer, do., 1878, Die Agada der palnstitiischen Amoraer, 3 vols., do., 1892-99 ; F. Weber, Jiidische Theologies, Leipzig, 1897 ' E Scbiirer, GJI'Ji. [do., 1902] 111 ff., ii. rdo., 1907] 381 ff. (HJ/" i [Edinburgh, 1890J i. 117 ff., n. [do., 185)0] i. .320 ff.) ; R. T. Her- ford, PhaHsalim, 1912 ; J. Z. Lauterbach, art. 'Oral Law,' in JE ix. 423 ff. ; A. C. Zenos, art. 'Tradition,' in DCG ii. 741 f.; H. St. J. Thackeray, Relation of St. Paul to Contemporary Jewish Thought, London, 1900. A. R. GORDON.
TRAJAN. — Trajan's reign is of interest to the student of early Church history on account of its connexion with the treatment of Christians by the State. Spain, which had contributed during the 1st cent, a long line of celebrated names to Roman literature, — the Elder Seneca, Seneca the philo- sopher. Columella the agriculturist, Poniponius Mela the geograiiher, Lucan the epic poet. Martial the epigrammatist, and Quintilian the rhetorician, — gave in Trajan its first Emperor to the Roman Empire.
M. Ulpius Traianus was born at Italicii, in the province of Hispania Baetica, which corres[)onded territorially to the modern Andalucia, on Sept. 18, A.D. 52 or 53. His father, was the first of the family to attain to senatorial rank. Young Trajan served as military tribune under his father, who was governor of the important province Syria, in the year 76. This was only part of an extremely extensive military experience which fell to the lot of the future Emperor in his early manhood. It may be doubted, in fjict, if any other aristocrat of the day had spent as much time in the field. Fortified by an assured military reputation, he returned to Rome in 78, and then passed through the regular succession of offices, attaining the pra^torship, probably in 85. From 89 to 97 he was in command of a legion serving successively in Spain and Germany, and in the latter country he quelled a revolt of two legions at Vindonissa (modern Windisch). In recognition of these ser- vices, he was made one of the two chief consuls for 91. After a period of inaction he was, at the election of Nerva as Emperor in 96, appointed governor of the mountainous part of Germany (provincia Germania Superior), to secure a new frontier to the Empire, taking in the Agri Decu- mates (modern Schwarzwald, Black Forest). The aged Nerva on 27tli October 97 adopted him as his son and successor, and he thus took the name Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Augustus. In the same year he obtained the honorary title ' Germanicus ' for his military exploits against the Germans. Later titles conferred upon him may be here enumerated : ' Pater Patriae ' in 98, ' Dacicus ' at the end of 102, 'Optimus' in 114, and ' Par- thicus ' in 116. Nerva died on 25th Jiinuary 98, and Trajan thus succeeded to the sole rule of the Empire, but he did not leave Germany till about a year after his accession. In 99 he reached Rome. He had already proved himself the ablest general of the time. He now showed aflability to all classes, and conducted all his relations with the Senate and aristocracy in the most tactful manner. Details of his rule need not be given, but those best qualified to judge consider that of all the Roman Emperors, with the possible exception of Augustus, Trajan was the wisest, most competent, and greatest. Much of his reign was spent in necessary military operations, but the conduct of civil aflairs was quite as excellent. The Emperor had to leave Rome in March 101 for the invasion of Dacia, which had proved a very troublesome foe in the time of Doraitijin. After two campaigns the Decebalus was defeated and his capital Sar- mizegetusa captured (end of 102). A permanent bridge over the Danube, still in use, was built at Drobetse. A rising of the Decebalus, however, took place late in 104, and early in 105 Dacia was again invaded by the Romans. Bafiied and de- feated, the Decebalus committed suicide. The Dacian population was almost completely exter- minated, and a new province Dacia was created, to which colonists were introduced from various parts of the Empire. These were the ancestors of the present inhabitants of Transylvania and Rumania, and their origin explains the character of the Rumanian language and the sympathies of the