620
TKOAS
TEOPHIMUS
' to lead about in a conspiciioiis manner,' for which Lietzniann quotes conobonitive instances from Suiilas. The KV ' leadelh vis in triumph ' is felici- tously ambiguous. Kouert Law.
TROAS (Tp<()ds). — Troas was a seaport on the N.W. cojist of Asia Minor, opposite the island of Tenedos, midway between the Hellespont and Cape Lectuni, and about ten miles south of the much more ancient Troja (Ilium). The name was an abbreviation of 'Trojan Alexandria' ('AXeJdi'O/jeia 7) Tpifids, Strabo, xill. i. 2, Ptol. v. ii. 4 ; or 'AXe J- dvSpeia r^s TpifiSos, Strabo, II. v. 36 ; or ' k\e^Av&pei.a T) iv Tj Tpijjdoi, Pans. X. xii. 2). The qualifying adj., Tpifjds, which was needed to differentiate this Alexandria from the many other cities of the same name, came to be used sometimes alone (as in Pliny, HN v. 33, ipsaque Troas), though this led to ambiguity, Troas (^ Tpydj, the Troad) being properly the whole territory once ruled by the kings of Troy.
The city, which was founded by Antigonus and named Antigonia Troas, was enlarged and improved by Lysimachus and renamed Alexandria. The names are found together on some coins. ' It ap- peared to be an act of ])ious duty in the successors of Alexander first to found cities which should bear his name, and afterwards those which should be called after their own. Alexandria continued to exist, and became a large place ; at present ' [i.e. under Augustus] ' it has received a Roman colony, and is reckoned among celebrated cities ' (.Strabo, XIII. i. 26). Troas was under the power of the Seleucids till the defeat of Antiochus the Great at Magnesia in 190 B.C., after which it was a free city of the kings of Pergamos, the last of whom bequeathed his realm to the Roman Republic in 133 B.C. The Troad had a romantic interest for the Romans as the traditional motherland of their race, and the honours which they lavished upon the city were the expression of a kind of filial de- votion. As a colony with the ius Italicum, and as the seaport of a fruitful country, Troas rose to the front rank among the cities of Asia Minor. Accord- ing to Suetonius (Jul. 79), Julius Cassar had thoughts of making it the capital of the Empire instead of Rome, and Augustus maj' have played with the same idea (Hor. Ocl. in. lii. 61 f.), which finally pre- sented itself as a possibility to Constantine three centuries later, before he decided to make By- zantium the future seat of the Empire (Zosim. ii. 30).
St. Paul's connexion with Troas illustrates the high pressure at which he habitually worked. He was at lea.st three times in the city, and could not but earnestly desire to stay and plant a church in a place of such importance, but each time he was torn away from it to some other sphere of labour. To Troas he came down from the bordersof Bithynia, and received tlie vision which made him 'imme- diately ' embark for Europe (Ac 16'''"). To Troas he came again, after his flight from Ephesus (Ac 20'"^), ' for the gospel of Christ,' eager to preach to willing hearers, yet restlessly preoccupied by thoughts of Corinth, and soon compelled to turn his back upon ' an open door ' (2 Co 2'-- "). On a third visit he ' tarried sevendays,' on thelastof which — aSunday — he took no sleep, but preached till midnight, breaking bread, and talking ' till break of day,' knowing that his ship was waiting him in the harbour (Ac 20*''^). On the Monday morning his companions went on board to rest, but the wakeful Apostle discovered that he could give a few more hours toTroas, take theshortoverland route — doubt- less not on foot, if Christian courtesy and gratitude meant anything — to Assos, 20 miles distant, and there catch his ship after she had rounded Cape Lectum. And meanwhUe how much could be done
in the last flying hours of intimate and unforget- table fellowship !
On the theory that St. Paul never again visited Troas, it must be assumed that this was the oc- casion on which he left behind him the cloak and the parchments which Timothy was afterwards re- quested to bring to Rome (2 Ti 4"). But those who believe in the Apostle's release from prison hold that Troas was one of the places to which he returned. The point is fully discussed in A. C. McGili'ert, History of Christianity in the Apostolic Age, Edinburgh, 1897, p. 407 f.
Troas is now almost deserted. It bears the Turkish name of Eski Stambul or Old Constanti- nople, and its former greatness is attested by the extent of its ruins, including the old walls, which are six miles in circumference, and the supjiorts of an aqueduct which conveyed water down from Mount Ida.
Literature. — R. Chandler, Travels in Asia Minor and Greece^, London, 1817 ; Murray's Handbook to Afia Minor, do.,
1895. James Strahan.
TROGYLLIUM {T:p<^i\\tov, WH TpuyiXiov).— Trogyllium was a promontory formed by the western termination of Mt. Mycale, on the coast of Asia Minor, about equidistant from Ephesus and Miletus. It runs out into the sea just opposite the island of Samos, from which it is separated by a channel less than a mile wide (Strabo, XIV. i. 12, 13). Its present name is Santa Maria. According to the TR of Ac 20'^ St. Paul's ship, after leaving its anchorage at Chios, struck across to Samos, and, having tarried at Trogyllium, came the following day to Miletus. This in itself is likely to have happened, and, though the words Kal ixehavT^s ii> Tpu7uX\i(f) are omitted by the great MSS (N ABCE), they are retained by Meyer, Alford, Blass, and Ramsay on the strength of DHLP and many ancient versions. The reason for their omission may have been either the mistaken idea in the mind of the copyists that the text located Trogyllium in Samos, or the difficulty of imagining two night-stoppages, one in the harbour of Samos and another at Trogj'l- lium, which is only 4 or 5 miles from Samos. But a night spent at Samos is quite imaginary, for the nautical term TrapeiadXc/ue;/ does not mean 'arrived at ' ( AV) or ' touched at ' (RV). All that it implies is a crossing from one point to another ; and, while Samos was merely sighted and passed, Trogyllium was the resting-place. An anchorage just to the east of the extreme point of Trogyllium now bears the name of ' St. Paul's Port' (W. J. Cony.l>eareiind J. S. Howson, The Life and Epistles of St. Paid, London, 1877, ii. 264 n.). James Steauan.