Literature. — W. M. Ramsay, Historical Ctymiiuntary on St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, London, 1S99, pp. 3Sl ff.,
saat. Thomas Nicol.
TWELVE.— See Numbers. TWIN BROTHERS.— See Dioscuri.
TYCHICOS (Tt/x'^As, ' fortunate ').— Tychicus was an Ejihesian Christian who joumeyed with St. Paul from Macedonia to Asia and preceded him to Troas ( Ac 20^). Thence he accompanied him to Jerusalem on the Apostle's last visit there, acting along with Trophimus as a delegate of the church of Ephesus and conveying the offerings of the church to the poor brethren at Jerusalem. He was a companion of the Apostle during his first captivity, and was sent to Ephesus from Kome probably with the Epistle to the Ephesians. He is described by St. Paul as a ' beloved brother and faithful minister in the Lord,' and he is entrusted with the duty of tell- ing the Ephesians of the writer's welfare and of comforting their hearts (Eph 6-'). In the same way in the Epistle to the Colossians (Col 4') he is de- scribed as ' a beloved brother and faithful minister and fellow-servant,' and the same duty is committed to him of telling the Colossians of the Apostle's condition and comforting their hearts. In 2 Ti 4'- the writer tells Timothy that he has .sent Tychicus to Ephesus, from which we may conclude that he was with the Apostle in his second captivity in Kome. The same conclusion is borne out by the reference in Tit 3'-, where the writer ])urpose3 to send either Artenias or Tychicus to Titus in Crete with the injunction that Titus should meet the Apostle at Nicopolis. It is i)Ossible that the refer- ence in 2 Co 8" to ' the brother whose prai.se in the gospel is spread through all the churches,' and who was depute<l along with Titus and another un- named Christian to carry the Second Epistle to the Corinthians from Ephesus to Corinth, may be Tychi- cus, and the other unnamed deputy may be Trophi- mus. This, however, is little more than conjecture, although from Ac 20^ we may gather that these two Ephesians were known to the church in Corinth, and that the two deputies referred to in 2 Co 8" were also well known to those addressed.
A late tr.adition makes Tychicus bishop of Chalcedon in liitliynia. The (Jreek Menoloijiun (9 Dec.) reports that he w,as bishop of Colophon after Sosthenes, and sull'ered martyrdom for the faith. \V. F. Boyd.
TYPE.— 1. Word and idea.— Though tOttos and
di'WTi'iroj both occur in the original, ' type' and its correlative ' antitype ' are theological rather than Scriptural terms. In Ihoological usage a type is a person or thing in the O'V dis|)cnsation that reiirc- sents ami preligures a person or thing in the NT, lience called the antitype. In the text of EV, however, neither 'type nor 'antitype' is found, though UV gives ' in (lie anlityiie ' as an alternative rendering in 1 P 3-"". Even in the Greek NT, where afTirvTros occurs twice, the word a|i])ears to be employed not substantively but adjeclivelj- in the forms avrlrvTra (lie 9-'^) and di-WTi/TroK ( 1 P3-'), which KV renders respectivelj' ' like in pattern ' and 'after a true likeness'; wliile tuttos, again, which is of frequent occurrence, is used with a variety of meanings and only once (Ro .5") in a sense corresponding to that of a doctrinal type. In Jn 20'-° it denotes the ini[)ression left by a stroke ('the print oi the nails'); in Ac 7" the ligure or image of a god ; in 23-° a form of writing ; in Ko 6" a form of teaching ; in Ac 7^', He 8" a pattern or model for the making of the tabernacle. From this last meaning the transition is easy to the ethical sense of an example of conduct. In 1 Co 10' it designates an example that is to be avoided ; in other cases (Ph 3", 1 Th I', 2 Th 3», 1 Ti 4'-, Tit 2', 1 P 5^) an example that is to be cojued. In Ko 5", where Adam is said to be rmo! toO ;ti^\Xo^Tos {i.e. of .lesus Christ), and where EV reiulers ' figure,' the word is used at last in a doctrinal sense and the idea of type and antityi>e comes clearly into view.
When once this idea is accepted, however, it becomes evident that the NT uses of the word are far from exhausting the cases in which the idea is present. The contrasts in Col 2" between the ffkid and the <rwfia, in He 8° between the o-Kid and the iTrovpafia, in 10' between the okio. and the fiKiiy are all of them contrasts between types and their anti- types— between a prehguring ordinance of the old dispensation and a corresponding spiritual reality of the new. The case is similar in Gal 4-'"'^-, where St. Paul contrasts the two covenants, in He 9", where the author represents the first tabeniacle as a irapa^oX-/) ' for the time now present,' and very notably in 5', where he works out at length the relation between Melchizedek, ' made like unto the Son of God' (7^), and .lesus Himself, 'a priest for ever after the order of iMclchizedek ' (5"" etc. ). In these and many other familiar pas.sages which will have to be considered more particularly, the NT .authors bring before us the idea of type and anti- type— the idea that persons, events, and institutions of the or represent, and were designed by God to persons, dis]ieMsat