Devices to indicate pauses [paragraphus, double dot, larger and smaller spaces) were in use by the 1st cent. B.C., but as a rule were not used at all, or used but sparingly, in the Christian papyri of the 1st cent. A.D. — a circumstance that naturally brought in its train numberless possibilities of misreading and of making false combinations among the words.
Literature. — (A) General. — T. Birt, Das antike BucMvesen, Berlin, 1882; L. Mitteis and U. Wilcken, Grundziige und Chresiomaihie d4;r Papyruskunde, 4 vols., Leipzig^, 1912; E. Nestle, Einfiihrnnrj in das fjriechische NT^, Gottingen, 1909 ; T. Birt, Die BuchroUe in der Eunst (with 190 illustrations), Leipzig, 1907 ; W. Schubart, Das Btich bei den Griechcn und B6inem{w'\i\\ 14 illustrations), Berlin, 1907 ; K. Dziatzko, artt. 'Buch,' 'Byblos'in Pauly-Wissowa'-, iii. ; A. Gercke, 'Das antike Buch,' in Evnleiiiing in die Altertumswissensckaft, Leipzig, 1910, i. 1-26; A. Deissmann, Licht voin Osten^y Tubingen, 1909, Eng. tr.. Light from the Aiident East, London, 1911 ; also the Introductions to the NT by T. Zahn (Eng. tr., 3 vols., Edinburgh, 1909), etc. ; the older literature is given in E. Reuss, Die Geschichte der heiligen Schriften neiten Testa- inents'i, Brunswick, 1860, p. 340 ff.
(B) Special. — To i. On the roll in Ignatius, ad Philadel- phenos, viii. (ev roU apxetoi';), see Zahn, in Patrutn Apostoliconim Opera, ed. O. von Gebhardt, A. Harnack, T. Zahn, ii. [Leipzig, 1876] 77 ff., and on the passage in Tertullian, cL T. Zahn, Geschichte den neutesi. Eanons, i. [do., 1SS9] 652; I. E. I. Walch, De Apostolorum Litteris Authenticis a Tertufliano Commem^ratis, Jena, 1753. On the Gospel of Matthewfound in the tomb of Barnabas, of. Theodorus Lector in Migne, PG, vol. Ixxxvi. col. 189 ; Severus of Antioch, in J. S. Assemani, Biblio- theca Orientalis, Rome, 1719-28, ii. 8; Vitce omnium XIII Apostolontm, ed. A. Theme in ZWT xxix. [1886] 453. On the supposed existence of the autograph of John's Gospel in Ephesus. see Chronxcon Paschale (7th cent, a.d.): Kadio^ ra aicpi^T) )3(.^Ala 7r€pi.€>;ei avTO re rh i5i6;ifetpoi' tov cuayyeAierToO, aJTfp p-fXP^ TOV vvv TrerftvXoiKTai. x^-P'-'^'- ^^ov iv rfj E^eaton' oyiwTiiTTj eKKATjCta koI utto tou* ttl(TtCju cKeio-e TrpoaKweiTtu ; cr. also'Petrus Alexandrinus, De Paschale (cf. G. Stosch, De Ca7wneNT, p. 44), Philostorgius, vii. 14, Nicephorus CalUstus, X. 33. On the alleged autograph of Mark in Venice and Prague, cf. J. Dobrowski, Fraginentxnn Pragense Evang. S. Marci, vulgo autographic Prague, 177S. For a supposed Heb. auto- graph of Peter, P. de Lagarde, Axis dem deutschen Gelekt' tenleben, Gottingen, 1880, p. 117 f. C. Simonides, Facmnilesof Certain Portions of St. Matthew and of the Epistles of St. Jatnes and Jude, written on Papyrus in the 1st Century, London, 1S62, is a forgery. Most of the older literature on the question of autograph shows a certain prejudice in the interests of dogma : J. G. Berger, De avtographis vetervm, Wittenberg, 1723; G. Stosch, De Epistolis Apostolnrum idiographis, Guelf. 1751 ; J. F. Ma.yer^ fJtnim autographabiblica kodie extent, Hamburg, 1692 ; B. G. Clauswitz, De autographorum iactura rei Christ, et innoxia et utilt, Ualle, 1743. The reader will gain some idea
of the appearance of the autographs from J. R. Harris, AT Autographs (Supplement to the A.l Ph xii. (1891]). lijiUimore, 1892, pp. 64, with 3 plates, but still better from F. G. Kenyon, The Paltfography of Greek Papt/ri, Oxford, 1899, the plates of which exhibit papyri from the Apostolic Age (a.d. 16 and 72-73). What \h probably the earliest known fragment of a NT MS, a transcript of Mt l'-^^^ dating from the 3rd cent., is shown in B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt, Oxyrhynchujt Papyri, i. [1898] pi. i., and in E. Nestle, op. cit. pi. U. No Christian te.\t as yet discovered can be assigned with certainty to a date earlier than the beginning of the 3ni cent. ; cf. L. Mitteis and U. Wilcken. GrundzUge der Papyruskunde, i. i. 130 f.
To 2. (a) Paper: G. F. Wekos, Vutn Papier, den vor der Erfi-ndung derselben iiUichen Schn'ih)nas.se7i u. andenn Schreih- material, Halle, 1789, with Sujyptementum, Hanover, 1790; Lalande, D" Art de faire le papier^ Paris, n.d. ; E. Egger, Le Papier dans I'antiquitiet dans les temps modem es, do., 1S67 ; W. Wattenbach, Das Schriftwesen iin Mittelalter", I*eipzigt 1876, p. 114 ff.; V. Gardthausen, Griechische Paldographie, do., 1879, pp. 48-51 ; E. Kirchner, Das Papier, '3 vole., Biberach, 1897-99. (6) The writing tablet: A. Socin, in H. Guthe's Kurzes Bibelworterbuch, Tubingen, 1903, p. 690; W. Schubart, op. cit. pp. 16-19. (c) The manufacture of papyrus : Fortia d'Urban, Essai sur Vorigine de t'icriture, Paris, 1832 ; T. Birt, Das antike Bxtchwesen, Die BuchroUe, «. 4 ff . ; K. Dziatzko, Untersuchungen iiber atisgetviihlte Kapiteides antiken Buchwesens, Leipzig, 1900; A. Deissmann, Licht rom Osten, p. 15 fY., Eng. tr., p. 23 ff. ; V. Gardthausen, op. cit. p. 29 ff. ; F. Woenig, Die Pjlanzen in alien Agi/pten, Leipzig, 1886; U. Wilcken, 'Recto "und Verso,' in Dennes xxii. [1887] 487-492. (rf) The papyri in general : C. Haeberlin. Grii-chische Papyri, Leipzig, 1897 ; F. G. Kenyon, op. cit. (with 20 facsimiles), art. •Papyri' in HDB v. 352-357; A. Deissmann, art. 'Papyri' in EBi iii. 3556-3563 and art. 'Papyrus und Papyri ' in PRE^ xiv. 667-675. (?) The use of parchment and papvrus among the Hebrews : H. L. Strack, in PRE^ xvii. 768; L" Blau, Studien zuni althebrdischen Buchwesen, Strassburg, 1902; L. Low, Graphische Requisite und Erzeugnisse, i. [1870]. (/) Compara- tive prices of parchment and papyrus: Birt, BuchroUe, p. 24 ff. ; Kenyon, op. cit. p. 113. (g) The 'parchments' of St. Paul : T. Zahn, 'BucherundPergamentedesPauIus,'(j'esc/n'cA(e desneutest. Kanons, ii. 2 [Leipaig, 1892], 938-942 ; Birt, Buch- wesen, p. 88f., BuchroUe, p. 21, note; W. Weinberger, in Berliner philologische Wochenschrift, xxiv. [1904] 1107 f. (h) NT passages written on papvri : Deissmann, Licht rom Osten, p. 21 ff., EBi, loc. cit., PRE^, loc. cit; cf. also Mitteis and Wilcken, Grundziige der Papyruskunde, i. (r) Ink: Gardt- hausen, op. cit. p. 76 ff. 0) The reed : E. C. A. Riehm, Hand- wurterlnich des hiblischen Altertums, ed. F. Baethgen, Bielefeld, 1893, ii. 1400-1402 (art. * Schilf und Rohr'); the writer's pen- knife is mentioned in Jer 36-*.