To 3. (a) Exegesis of Rev 6^^- : T. Zahn, Einleitung in das NT, iA [Leipzig, 1900] 599 f. (Zahn regards * the book on the hand of God ' as a codex, and interprets the adjectival phrase thus — 'written within and sealed without,' so taking otrta-Oev \vith KaTeo-f^paynT/ie'voi') ; cf., as against this, Birt, BuchroUe, p. 85 f. (&) Sealing: E. 'Hnsch.'k.Q, Das Buch mit sieben Sie^e^n, Dresden, 1860; Zatin, Einleitung, ii.2 600; A. Erman, in Archio fur Papyriisforschung, i. [Leipzig, 1900] 75. (c) if-eXdni : Birt, Buch- wesen, p. 65 ; Zahn, Gesch. des Eanons, ii. 939, note 2. (d) The Letter of Aristeas : Birt, BuchroUe, p. 32. (e) Roll and codex in the Christian Church during the 2nd-6th cent. : V. Schultze, ' Rolle und Codex,' in Greifswalder Studien, Giitersloh, 1895, pp. 147-158. (/) Book-boxes, libraries, book-trade, multiplica- tion of books, etc.: Birt, Buchivesen\ Schubart, op. cit. pp. 133-154.
To $• O' special importance here is the thoroughgoing Patceography of F. G. Kenyon (20 facsimiles); C. Wessely, Papyrorum scripturce grcecce specim.ina isagogica, Leipzig, 1900 (with documents of 1st cent. a.d. in autograph form); W. Schubart, Papyri grcecce Berolinenses, Bonn, 1911 (with 50 plates); Gardthausen, op. cit.; W. Wattenbach, Anleitung zur griechischen Paldographie^,he\pz]f:, 1805; E. M. Thompson, Handbook of Greek and Latin Palceogrnphy, London, 1893, Facsimiles of Biblical Manuscripts in the British Museum, do., 1900 ; B. de Montfaucon, Palceographia grceca, Paris, 1708, otherwise a most creditable work, supplies but little material for a reconstruction of primitive Christian autographs.
H. Jordan.
YEAR.— See Time.
YOKEFELLOW.— See Synzygus.
YOUNG MEN.— Several Greek words, with little difference of meaning, are thus translated in A(!ts and the Epistles. (1) veavias; Maid down their
garments at the feet of a yonng man * (Ac 7^*, also 20» 23^^ etc.). (2) wah : 'they brought the young man (RV ' lad ') aUve ' (Ac 20'^ AV). This word has often the significance of servant. (3) v€avi(TKos : ' the young men came in and found her dead ' [Ac 5^^ 1 Jn 2^^ etc.). The termination has a diminutive force. (4) pethrepos: * tlie younger
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men arose and . . . carried him out ' (Acs'* [HVni], 1 TiS', Tit 2", 1 V 5"); also younger women (1 Ti 5=), widows (1 Ti 5"- '■"). A well-marked distinction between old and youn;; was a characteristic feature of the life of tlie ascetic communities in Palestine (Hatch, p. (i3), of the fliocrot of the Greeks (Weiz- Slicker, ii. 331 f.), and apparently also of the Ajios- tolic Church. Age was regarded as a title to honour, and one of the qualifications for oHice. Submission and reverence were the duty of the young. Age and rank or office are so closely related, as in the word irpfcr/3irre/)os, that it is not easy to distinguisli whether a writer in the Epistles is speaking of age or of office. This ambiguity is also found in the Epistle of Clenient of Borne [lintch). Interest attaches to the question whether young men {viuTepoi.) held any office in the Church. The relative texts are 1 ti 5', 1 P 5», and Ac 5"- '». In the first two instances the context has to be taken into consideration. ' Kebuke not an elder (TTpia^vrifiif}) but exhort him as a father; the younger men as brethren : . . . the younger (women) as sisters' (1 Ti 5'- ^). Here it is evident that the words 'elder,' ' younger' have nothing to do with office but refer to age (Hart, White, EGT in locc). The passage in Peter runs : 'Tlie elders therefore among you I exhort, who am a fellow- elder. . . . Likewise, ye younger (vfiirepoi), be sub- ject unto the elder' (Trpeo-^iT^pms). If irpfir/SiVre/jos in v.i is official, it would be natural to conclude that it has the same significance in v.', and that vecbrepos is also official. But Trpea^Lfrepos in v.^ is unexpectedly qualified by the words 'among you,' as if indicating a class more numerous than the
otlicial ciders, and Peter can scarcely be regarded as referring to office when he speaks of liim.self as a ' fellow-elder' (irui'irpfff/Sirrepos). Had he been re- ferring to his official position, he would have said 'an apostle' (1'). He appears to be giving in- jtmctions to the older and more experienced members of the Christian community to ' tend the Hock of (Jod,' aiul does .so, not on his authority as an apostle, but as one who was, like themselves, advanced in age and experience. Accordingly, it seems best to conclude that fcurtpos has not an official significance in this passage. In Ac 5", ' the younger men arose . . . and carried him out ' (KVm), veuiTfpos is taken by .some as indicating regular servants of the Church (Meyer, Lindsay, etc.), but against that view is the fact that the young men are de.scribed as veavljKoi in v.'" (Know- ling, Neander, Lechler, etc.). The absence in the NT of any clear reference to them as officials is also an objection. Most probably they are simply distinguished as a class in the Christian com- munity, in accordance with Eastern custom. The distinction between ' elder ' and ' younger ' was not confined strictly to dill'erence of age. It also in- cluded ditlerence of experience and length of connexion with the Church (VVeizsacker, Hatch).