The Abbe Migne has published a vast collection of the Christian apologists in 18 vols., with an introduc- tory volume, and a concluding volume on the present state of apologetic science and of scepticism, making 20 vols, in all. We deem it worth while to give the whole title of this great work, which is a repository of apologies: Demonstrations Evangeliques de Ter- tullien, Origene, Eusebe, S.Augustin, Montaigne, Ba- con, Grotius, Descartes, Richelieu, Arnauld, de Choi- seul du Plessis-Praslin, Pascal, Pelisson, Nicole, Boyle, Bossuet, Bourdaloue, Locke, Lami, Burnet, Male- branche, Lesley, Leibnitz, la Bruycre, Fcnclon, Huet, Clarke, Duguet, Stanhope, Bayle, Leclerc, du Pin, Jacquelot, Tillotson, de Haller, Sherlock, le Moine, Pope, Leland, Racine, Massillon, Ditton, Derham, d'A^uesseau, de Polignac, Saurin, Burlier. Warburton, Tournemine, Bentley, Littleton, Seed, Fabricius, Ad- dison, de Bernis, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Para du Phanjas, Stanislas I, Turgot, Startler, West, Beauzee, Bergier, Gerdil, Thomas, Bonnet, de Crillon, Euler, Delamarre, Caraccioli, Jennings, Duhamel, S. Liguori, Butler, Bullet, Vauvenargues, Gucnard, Blair, de Pom- pignan, de Luc, Porteus, Gerard, Diessbach, Jacques, Lamourctte, Laharpe, le Coz, Duvoisin, de la Luzerne, Schmitt, Povnter, Moore, Silvio Pellico, Lingard, Bru- nati, Manzoni, Paley, Perrone, Lanibruschini, Dor- ians, Catnpien, i'r. Perennes, Wiseman, Bucklar.d, Marcel de Scrres, Keith, Chalmers, Dupin aine, Gre- goire XVI, Cattet, Jlilner, Sabatier, Bolgeni, Morris, Chassay, Lombroso et Consoni ; contenant les apolo- gies de 117 auteurs, rcpandus dans 180 vol. ; traduites pour la plupart des diverses Ungues dans lasquelles avaient etc ocrircs ; reproduces Int^trralement, non par extraits. Ouvrage dgalement neeessaire a ceux qui ne croient pas, a ceux qui doutcnt ct a ceux qui
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croient ; avec Introduction aux Demonstrations evan- geHques, et Conclusion du meme ouvrage (20 vols. imp. 8vo, Paris). It is proper to say that the word inte- gralement in this title is not correct, as passages in the Protestant writers which impugn Romanism are often omitted.
:".. English mid American. — The English Deists of the 17th century, Herbert, Hobbes, and Blount, were an- swered by numerous writers ; the literature is given in Leland, Deistical Writers (1754, 8vo), and in Lech- ler, Geschichie des englischen Deismns. See Deism. Richard Baxter was probably the earliest original writer on Evidences in the English language. His first publication on the subject was The Unreasonable- ness of Infidelity (1655, 8vo ; Works, vol. xx) ; followed by The Reasons of the Christian Religion (1667, 4to ; Works, xx and xxi); More Reasons (1667, in answer to Herbert; Works, xxi). In these books Baxter shows his usual acuteness, and anticipates many of the argu- ments of later writers. Farrar (Critical Hist, of Free Thought), strangely enough, omits Baxter from his list of writers given in note 49, from which the following statement is chiefly taken. I.ocke (f 1704) wrote The Reasonableness of Christianity (Works, vol. i) ; Water- land, Reply to Tindal; Boyle (1626-1601) not only wrote himself on the evidences, but founded the Boyle Lectures [see Boyle], a series which was mainly com- posed of works written by men of real ability, and contains several treatises of value. Among the series may be named those of Bentley (1692) ; Kidder (1694) ; Bishop Williams {1695) ; Gastrell (1697); Dean Stan- hope (1701); Dr. Clarke (1704-'o) ; Derham (1711); Ibbot (171?-) ; Gurdon (1721) ; Berriman (17S0) ; Wor- thington (1766); Owen (1769). Other series of lec- tures in defence of Christianity followed, bcth in Eng- land and on the Continent, viz., the Mover Lecture (1719); the Ley den (1753); the Warburton (1772); the Basle (1775) ; the Bampton (1780) ; the Hague (1785) ; the Haarlem (1786) ; the Hulsean (1820) ; the Congre- gational (1833). See each of these heads. The Lowell Lecture (Boston) has similar objects. Among separate treatises of this period, Leslie (f 1722), Short Method with the Deists; Jenkins, Reasonableness of Christian- ity (1721) ; Foster, Usefulness and Truth of Christian- ity, against Tindal; Sherlock, Trial of the Witnesses, against Woolston ; Lyttelton, on St. Raid's Conversion ; Conybe are, Defence of Revelation (1732); Warburton, Divine Legation of Moses; Addison, Evidences (1730); Skelton, Deism Revealed (Works, vol. iv), may he mentioned. The great work of Bishop Butler, The Analogy of Religion, etc., was the recapitulation and condensation of all the arguments that hail been pre- viously used, but possessed the largeness of treatment and originality of combination of a mind which had not so much borrowed the thoughts of others as been educated by them. Balguy's Discourses (3d ed., 1790, 2 vols.), and his Tracts, Moral and Theological (1734, 8vo), are very valuable. In the latter half of the century, the historical rather than the moral evi- dences were developed. First, the religion of nature was proved : at this point the Deist halted, the Chris- tian advanced further. The chasm between it and revealed religion was bridged at first by probabili- ty ; next by Butler's argument from analogy, put as a dilemma to silence those who objected to reve- lation, but capable of being used as a direct argu- ment to lead the mind to revelation; thirdly, by the historic method, which asserted that miracles attest- ed a revelation, even without other evidence. The argument in all cases, however, whether philosoph- ical or historical, was an appeal to reason — either ev- idence of probability or of fact — and was in no case an appeal to the authority of the church. According- ly, the probability of revelation having been shown, and the attacks on its moral character parried, the question became, in a great degree, historical, and re- solved itself into an examination either of the external