evidence arising from early testimonies, which could be gathered to corroborate the facts and to vindicate the honesty of the writers, or of the internal critical evidence of undesigned coincidences in their writings. The first of these occupied the attention of Lardner (1684-1768). His Credibility was published 1727-57 ; the Collection of Ancient Jewish and Heathen Testimo- nies, 1764-'7. The second and third branches occu- pied the attention of Paley, the one in the Evidences, the other in the Harce Pauliiue. Paley's argument has been extended to the Gospels and other parts e f Scrip- ture by Blunt, Undesigned Coincidences, etc. (3d edit. 1850 ; compare also his Essay on Paley, reprinted from the Quarterly Rev. Oct. 1828). Before the clrse of the century the real danger from Deism had passed, and the natural demand for evidences had theiefcre, in a areat degree, ceased. Consequently, the works which appeared were generally a recapitulation or summary of the whole arguments, often neat and judicious (as is seen at a later time in Van Mildcrt, Boyle Lectures, vol. ii, 1605; and in Chalmers, Works, vol. i-iv), or in developments of particular subjects, as in Watson's Apology, in replj' to Gibbon and Paine, or in Graves on the Pentateuch (1807).
It is only in recent years that a species of eclecti- cism, rather than positive unbelief, has arisen in Eng- land, which is not the legitimate successor of the old deism, but of the speculative thought of the Continent; and only within recent years that writers on evidences have directed their attention to it. In the Bampton Lectures (q. v.), which, as one of the classes ( f annu- ally recurring volumes of evidences, is suppesed to keep pace with contemporary forms of doubt,- and may therefore be taken as one means of measuring dates in the corresponding history of unbelief, it is r.ot until about 1852 that the writers showed an acquaintance with these forms of doubt. The first course which touched upon them was that of Mr. Riddle (1'52), on the Natural History of In fidelity ; and the first c spe- cialty directed to them was that of Dr. Thomson, Cn the Atoning Work of Christ (1853, 8vo); which was fol- lowed by Mansel, On the Limits of Religious Thought (1858), and by Rawlinson, Hist. Evidences of the Truth of the Scripture Records stateel anew (1859). It is im- possible to cite all the 1 ooks of Evidences, popular and scientific, published in England and America. But among the most important, besides those already men- tioned, are Erskine On Internal Evidence (1821); Bu- chanan, Modem Atheism (Boston, 1859, 12mo) ; Shep- pard, Divine Origin of Christianity (Lond. 1829) ; Young, The Christ of History (N. Y. 1856) ; Rogers, Reason and Faith; Eclipse of Faith ; G'reyson Letters; Defnce of Eclipse of Faith; Taylor, Restorat'on of Belief (Camb. 1855); Aids to Faith (in reply to Essays and Reviews, London, 1861, 8vo) ; Replies to Essays and Reviews (N. Y. 1862, 8vo) ; Wharton, Theism and the Mod. Scept. Theories (Philad. 1859, 12mo) ; Dove, Logic of the Chris- tian Faith (Ed'nib. 1&5G) ; Morgan, Christianity and Mod- em Infidelity (Lond. 1854, 12mo); Pearson, On Infidelity (Prize Essay, Relig. Tract Soc.) ; Wardlaw, On Mira- cles (N. Y. 1853, 12mo); Wilson, Evidences (I'oston, 1833, 2 vols. 12mo) ; Dewar, Evidences of Revelation (Lond. 1854, 12m o) ; Shuttleworth, Consistency ofRtv- elation with itself and with Reason (N. Y. 1832, 18mo) ; Reinhard, Plan of the Fovmlir of Christianity (transl., Bost. 1831); Led. on Evidences at the Univ. of Virginia (N. Y.8vo, 1852); Alexander, Evidences (Presb. Board, 12mo) ; Hopkins, T.eC. before the Lowell Inst it. (Boston, 1846, 8vo, an admirable book); Alexander, Christ and Christianity (X. Y. 1854, 12mo) ; Peabody, Christianity the ReUg. of Nature (Lowell Lect., Boston, 1863, 8vo); Faber, 'Difficulties of Infidelity (X. Y. 8vo) ; Schaff, The Persmef Christ the Miracle of History (N.Y '. 1865, 12mo); Sumner, Evidences (1824, 8vo) ; Norton, Genuineness of the Gospels (Boston, 1855, 8vo); Garbett, The Divine Plan of Rt relation (Boyle Lecture, Lond. 1864, 8vo).
Of writings against the Jews sinco the Reformation.
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30:
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we note, Hoornbeck, Pro convincend. Judo-is (1055, 4to); Limborch, Arnica Collatio cum erudto Judceo ( 1687, 4to) ; Leslie, Short Method with the Jews; Kidder, Dem- onstrations of the Messiah (1726, fol.) ; McCaul, The Old Paths (1837); ibid., Warburton Lectures (1846). Against tha Mohammedans, besides Grotius, Be Veri- tate, see Prideaux, Nature of Imposture in the Life of Muh immed (8vo) ; Lee, Tracts on Christianity and Mo- hammedanism, by Martyn (1824, 8 vo) ; White, Hamp- ton Led. (1784, 8vo) ; Muir, Life of Mohammed (1858). For the literature of the Strauss and Kenan controver- sy, see Jesus. For the Colenso controversy in Eng- land, and that caused by the "Essays and Reviews," see Rationalism (English). See also Apologetics; Atheism; Evidences; Deism; Infidelity; Pan- theism.— Christ. Remembrancer, xl, 327, and xli, 149; London Quar. Rev. (Oct. 1854); American Theol. Rev. (1861, p. 438) ; North British Rev. xv, 331 ; Hagenbach (Smith), History of Doctrines, § 28, 116, 157, 238, 294, 276 ; Shedd, History of Doctrines, bk. ii ; Pelt, Theolog. Encyklopvdie, p. 378 sq. ; Fabricius, Syllabus Scriptt. qui pro veritate Relig. Christ, scripserunt (1725, 4to) ; Ritter, Geschichle d. christl. Philosophic, vol. ii; Tho- luck, Vermischte Schriften, i, 143-376; Bickersteth, Christ i in Stude?it, p. 469 sq. (where a pretty full list of books is given) ; Walch, Bibliotheca Theologica, ch. v (a copious list up to time of publication, 1757) ; Kah- nis, History of German Protestantism (transl., Edinb. 1856); Bartholmess, Scepdcisme Theolg'que (1852); Morell, Hist, of Philosophy, ch. v ; Hurst, Hist, of Ra- tionalism (N. Y. 1865, 8voj ; Fisher, The Supernat. Ori- gin of Christianity (N. Y. 1865, 8vo) ; Meth. Quar. Rev. (April, 1853, p. 70, 312 ; July, 1862, p. 357, 446) ; Bibli- otheca Sacra (July, 1865, p. 394) ; Gass, Protest. Dog- matik, vol. iii ; Warren, Sy.if, mutkche Theologie, Ein- leitung, p. 17-22 ; Hagenbach, Encyklopddie und Me- thodologie, § 81 ; Nast, Introduc. to Coram, on N. T. ch. iv; Walker, Philosophy of the Plan of Salvation (N. Y. often reprinted) ; Bushnell, Nature and the Supernat- ural. A complete history of apologetica] and polem- ical theology is preparing by Werner (Rom. Catholic ; vols, i-iv, Schaffhausen, 1861-1866).