stand-point. It is a great arsenal for the upholders of prelacy ; the true organization of the original church is not to he gathered from it. But, with all its faults, it is still indispensable to the student of archaeology. It was translated into Latin, and the originals of the quotations added, by Grischovius (liaise, 1724-29, 10 vols. fol. ; and again in 1751). The best English edi- tion now extant is that of Pitman, which contains Bingham's other writings as well as the Origines (Lond. 1840, 9 vols. 8vo). A cheap and good edition of the Origines for students is that of Bohn (London, 1852, 2 vols. imp. 8vo).
3. At the request of Pope Benedict XIV, the Do- minican Mamachi composed his work Originum et An- tiquitatum Christianarum libri xx (Rom. 1749-1755). But of the twenty books into which the matter was to be divided only four appeared in five volumes. Shorter works were published by Selvaggio, Antiqui- tatum Christianarum institutions (Naples, 1772-1774, 6 vols.), and by the German Jesuit Mannhardt, Liber Singidaris de ardiquit. Christianorum (Augsb. 1768). Better than any preceding work by Roman Catholic authors was that of Pellicia, De Christiana' ecclesice pri- mes medial et novissimce a talis politia (Naples, 1777- 1779, 3 vols. 4to; last edition by Ritter and Eraun, Cologne, 1829-1838, 3 vols.). On the basis of this work Dr. Binterim compiled his Denku-urdigkeiten der christkatholischen Kirche aus den ersten, mittleren und Ltzhn Zeiten (Mentz, 1821-1841, 7 vols.).
4. Of recent works on Christian archaeology, the most extensive is Augusti's Denhcwrdigheilen avs d<r christlichtn Archaeologie (Leipz. 1816-31, 12 vols.). This work adds immensely to the stock of materials, but is very prolix, and also deficient in arrangement. These faults are mended somewhat by the author in his compendium, entitled Handbuch der christl. Archa- ologie (Leipz. 1836, 3 vols. 8vo). A scientific and con- densed treatise is Rheinwald's kirchliche Archaologie (Berlin, 1830, 8vo), the best hand-book on the subject extant. Bohmer's christl. k'rehi. Alterthumsivissen- seh'ift (Breslau, 1836-39, 2 vols. 8vo) is equally sci- entific, and more copious. Guericke's Lehrluch der christl. Archaologie (Leipz. 1847, 8vo; 2d ed. 1859) is a useful manual. Other German manuals are by Loch- crer (Rom. Cath.), Lehrbuch d. christl. -kirch. Archao'. (Frankf. 1822); Sieged, Handbuch der christl. Alterthu- mer (in alphabetical order, Leipz. 1835-38, 4 vols.). In English we have Henry's Compendium of Christian Antiquities (Philadel. 1837, 8vo), which is chiefly ex- tracted from Bingham; Riddle's Manual of Christian Antiquities (2d edit. London, 1843, 8vo), in which large use is made of Augusti. But the best modern manual in English is Coleman's Ancient Christianity Exempli- fied (Philad. 1853, 8vo), in which the material is care- fully wrought over in a truly Protestant spirit. See Hagenbach, Theolog. Ena/klopadie, § 77 ; Coleman, Christian Antiquities (Introduction) ; Herzog, Real-En- cyHopadie, i, 481; Riddle, Manual of Antiquities (Ap- pendix H). For works treating more particularly of liturgies, see Liturgy.
Archangel (apxayyt\oc,, chief angel, 1 Thess. iv, 16 ; Jude 9). Those angels are so styled who occupy the highest rank in the celestial order or hierarchy, which consists, according to the apostles, of "thrones, dominions, principalities, and powers" (Ephes. i, 21 ; Col. i, 16; 1 Peter iii, 22). Of these there are said to be seven, who stand immediately before the throne of God (Luke i, 19; Rev. viii, 2), who have authority over other angels, and are the patrons of particular nations (Rev. xii, 7; Dan. x, 13). In Matt, xxvi, 53; 2 Thess. i, 7, hosts of r.ngels are spoken of in the same manner as human armies. These the Almighty is said to employ in executing his commands, or in dis- playing his dignity and majesty, in the manner of hu- man princes. These armies of angels are also repre- sented as divided into orders and classes, having each its leader, and all these are subject to one chief, or
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archangel. Tlie names of two only are found in the ' Scripture — Michael, the patron of the .Jewish nation (Dan. x, 13, 21; xii, 1 ; Jude 9 ; Rev. xii, 7) ; and Ga- briel (Dan. viii, 16; Lx, -'1 ; Luke i, 19, 26). The apocryphal book of Tobit (iii, 17 ; v, 4) mentions one, Raphael; and 2 Esdras (iv, 84) another, Uriel; while the book of Enoch names the whole seven (xx, 1-7). See Angel.
The fathers are not agreed on the number and order of the celestial hierarchy. Dionysius the Areopagite admits but three hierarchies, and three orders of an- gels in each hierarchy. In the first are Seraphim, Cherubim, and thrones ; in the second, dominions, mights, and powers ; in the third, principalities, arch- angels, and angels. These titles of ranks are proba- bly allusions to the customary order of the courts of the Assyrian, Chalda?an, and Persian kings ; hence Michael the archangel tells Daniel that he is one of the chief princes in the court of the Almighty. Ex- traordinary powers and functions were conferred on angels by the .different Gnostic sects. The}- all held that angels were the fabricators or architects of the universe, and Cerinthus affirmed they were superior to Christ himself. These opinions were early enter- tained, and the Apostle Paul thought it necessary to warn the Colossians against such errors. "Let no man beguile you of your reward in a voluntary humility and worshipping of angels, intruding into those things which he hath not seen, vainly puffed up by his fleshlj" mind" (Col. ii, 18). They also affirmed, according to Theodoret, that the law was given bjr angels, and that no one had access to God except through them. Hence we find on the Gnostic gems the names of numbers of their angels ; on one are those of Michael, Gabriel, Uriel, Raphael, Ananael, Prosorael, and Chabsael. But the chief and most highly venerated was Michael, insomuch that oratories were erected in Asia Minor, where divine honors were paid to him. See Michael.