ARIANISM
393
ARIAS
ing themselves upon it ; they make the. Son of God j a creature ! not they; God forbid." The Arian con- troversy commenced about the same time among the Dissenters, and raged as fiercely and more destruc- tivelv anions them than in the Church of England. It began in the west of England with James Pierce, who, and his colleague Joseph Hallct, were learned Presbyterian ministers in Exeter. The flame spread to London, and occasioned the celebrated Salter's Hall controversy, and led to the most dismal effects on the Presbyterian body. The books and pamphlets writ- ten on the subject are very numerous. The princi- pal on the Arian side are the following: The Case of the ejected Ministers of Exon ; Defence of ditto ; The Western Inquisition, by Pierce; The Case of Mar- tin Tombkins, 1719. On the other side, Dr. Calamy published nineteen sermons concerning the Doctrine of the Trinity, 1722, in which the controversy is dis- cussed with considerable ability and learning ; and there appeared also The Doctrine of the Trinity stated and defended by some Londm Ministers, viz. Long, Rob- inson, Smith, and Reynolds. The controversy was revived again in the Church of England by Dr. Clay- ton, bishop of Clogher, and for a while carried on with considerable warmth. He published in 1751 An Essay on Spirit, in which the doctrine of the Trinity is con- sidered, etc. This pamphlet was not in reality the bishop's, but the production of a young clergyman, whose cause and sentiments, however, he identified himself with. See Clayton. The most learned of all English Arians was Lardner (q. v.). On the or- thodox side were William Jones, in his Full Answer to the Essay on Spirit, and afterward in his Catholic Die- trine of the Trinity (Jones, Works, 1801, vol. i), and Dr. Randolph, in his Vindication of the Doctrine oftheTrin- ity (1753, 8vo). At the present day Arianism has al- most become extinct in England, having merged into one or other of the various grades of Socinianism, and is only to be found, in any thing like a systematic form, among the Presbyterians in the north of Ireland, especially those of the Synod of Munster (see Hender- son's Buck, Theol. Dictionary, s. v. ; Bogue and Ben- nett, History of Dissenters, ii, 1G8 sq. ; Reid, Hist, of Presbyter. Ch. in Ireland, iii, 14, 489). Both in England and America there are doubtless many Arians among those who are called Socinians and Unitarians. See ar- ticles on these titles, and also Athanasius ; Trinity. The sources of information on the early history of Arianism are the church histories of Sozomen, Socra- tes, and Theodoret, and also of Philostorgius the Ari- an, with the writings of Epiphanius and Athanasius. See also Maimbourg, Histoire de, V Arianisme (Amsterd. 1682, 3 vols.); the same, History of Arianism, transl. by Webster (Lond. 1728, 2 vols. 4 to) ; Stark, Versuch einer Geschichte d. Arian'smus (Berl. 1785, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Tillemont, Memoires, t. vi ; also, translated, Tillemont, His'ory of the Aria/is and the Council of Nice (London, 1721, 2 vols. 8vo); Whitaker, Origin of Arianism dis- closed (Lond. 1791, 8vo); Mohler, Athanasius und seine Zeit (1827) ; Newman, The Arians of the Fourth Centu- ry (Lond. 1833, 8vo) ; Kaye, Account of the Council of Nicxa (Lond. 1853, 8vo); Hassenkamp, Hist. Artance Controversies (Marburg, 1815); Baur, Geschichte der Dreieinigkeit (1841-3, 3 vols. 8vo) ; Meier, Lehre v. <l. Dreieinigkeit (1844, 3 vols. 8vo) ; Dorner, Lehre v. d. Person Christi, bd. i, abt. 2, 3; Engl, translation, div. i, vol. ii ; Neander, Church History, ii, 365-425 ; Mos- heim, Ch. Hist. cent, iv, pt. ii, ch. v, § 9 sq. ; Walch, Hist. d. Ketzereien, thl. ii; Hase, Ch. Hist. § 102-106; Neander, Hist, of Dogmas, i, 262 sq. ; Hagenbach, Hist. of Doctrines, §§*89-92, § 262; SheAd,Hist. of Doctrines, vol. i, bk. iii; Herzog, ReaUEncyUopadie, i, 490; Wat- son, Theol. Institutes, pt. ii, ch. xvi ; Bright, Ch. His- tory from Milan to Chalcedon (Lond. 1860, 8vo) ; Chris- tian Examiner (Unitarian), xii, 298; Cunningham, Historical Theology, ch. ix ; A. de Broglie, VEglise et V Empire Romain au lVme Steele (6 vols. Paris, 1866;
vols, i and ii contain the reign of Constantine ; vols, iii and iv the reigns of Constans and Julian; vols, v and vi the reigns of Valentinian and Theodosius). On modern Arianism, see, besides the writers named in the course of this article, Van Mildert, Life of Water- land (in Waterland's Works, vol. i) ; Nelson, Life of Bishop Bull; Lindsay, Historical View of Unitarianism (Socinian, Lond. 1783, 8vo) ; Fairbairn, Appendix to Dorner's Person of Christ, vol. v.
Ariara'thes ('Apiapd$jjg, apparently compounded of the Persian prefix Ari-, the essential element of the old national name'Apiot or'Apuot, Herod, iii, 93; vii, 762; signifying "honorable;" see Dr. Rosen, in the Quar. Jour, of Educa. ix, 336 ; and the Zend raiu, "master," Bopp, Vergleichende Grammatik, p. 196; Pott, Etymologische Forschungen, p. xxxvi), a common name of the kings of Cappadoeia (see Smith's Did. of Class. Bioff. s. v.), one of whom is named in the Apoc- rypha (1 Mace, xv, 22), as ruling that country during the time of the Jewish governor Simon, about B.C. 139. See Attalus. The king there designated is doubtless Ariarathes V, surnamed Philopator (<I>(Xo7rd-