5. One of the sons of Herod the Great by Mariamne, and sent with his brother Alexander to Rome, where they were educated in the house of Pollio (Josephus, Ant. xv, 10, 1). On their return to Judaaa, the sus- picions of Herod were excited against them by their brother Antipatcr (q. v.), aided by Pheroras and their aunt Salome, though Berenice, the daughter of the latter, was married to Aristobulus ; the young men themselves supplying their enemies with a handle against them by the indiscreet expression of their indignation at their mother's death. In B.C. 11 they were accused by Herod at Aquilea before Augustus, through whose mediation, however, he was reconciled to them. Three years after Aristobulus was again involved with his brother in a charge of plotting against their father, but a second reconciliation was effected by Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, the father- in-law of Alexander. A third accusation, through the arts of Euryales, a Lacedaemonian adventurer, proved fatal. By permission of Augustus, the two young men were arraigned by Herod before a council convened at Berjtus (at which they were not even allowed to be present to defend themselves), and, being condemn- ed, were soon after strangled at Sebaste, B.C. 6 (Jo- seph. Ant. xvi, 1-4 ; 8 ; 10 ; 11 ; War, i, 23-27 ; comp. Strabo, xvi, 765).— lb. See Alexandkk.
6. Surnamed " the younger" (o iniortpoc, Josephus, Ant. xxi, 2), was the son of the preceding Aristobulus and Berenice, and the grandson of Herod the Great. Himself and his two brothers (Agrippa I and Herod, the future king of Chalcis) were educated at Rome, together with Claudius, who was afterward emperor, and who appears to have regarded Aristobulus with great favor (Josephus, Ant. xviii, 5, 4 ; 6, 1 ; xx, 1, 2). He lived at enmity with his brother Agrippa, and drove him from the protection of Flaccus, proconsul of Syria, on the charge of having been bribed by the Damas- cenes to support their cause with the proconsul against the Sidonians (Josephus, Ant. xviii, 6, 3). When Caligula sent Petronius to Jerusalem to set up the statues in the Temple, Aristobulus joined in the re- monstrance against the procedure (Josephus, Ant. xviii, 8; War, ii, 10; Tacit. Hist, v, 9). He died as he had lived, in a private station (Josephus, War, ii, 11, 6), having, as appears from the letter of Claudius to the Jews in Josephus (Ant. xx, 1, 2), survived his brother Agrippa, who died in A.D. 44. He was mar- ried to Jotapa, a princess of Emessa, by whom lie left a daughter of the same name (Josephus, Ant. xviii, 5, 4; War, ii, 11, 6).— lb.
ARISTOTLE
397
ARISTOTLE
7. Son of Herod, king of Chalcis, grandson of the Aristobulus who was strangled at Sebaste, and great- grandson of Herod the Great. In A.D. 55 Nero made him king of Armenia Minor, in order to secure that province from the Parthians ; and in A.D. 61, the emperor added to his dominions some portion of the Greater Armenia, which had been given to Tigranes (Josephus, Ant. xx, 8, 4 ; Tacit. Ann. xiii, 7 ; xiv, 2G). Aristobulus appears (from Josephus, War, vii, 7, 11) to have also obtained from the Romans his father's kingdom of Chalcis, which had been taken from his cousin, Agrippa II, in A.D. 52; and he is mentioned as joining Casennius Psetus, proconsul of Syria, in the ■war against Antiochus, king of Commagene, in the fourth year of Vespasian, or A.D. 73 (Joseph, ib.). He was married to Salome, daughter of the infamous He- rodias, by whom he had three sons, Herod, Agrippa, and Aristobulus ; of these, nothing further is recorded (Josephus, Ant. xviii, 5, 4). — lb.
8. A person, perhaps a Roman, named by Paul in Rom. xvi, 10, where he sends salutations to his house- hold. A.D. 55. He is not himself saluted ; hence he may not have been a believer, or he may have been absent or dead. Tradition represents him as brother of Barnabas, and one of the seventy disciples, and al- leges that he was ordained a bishop by Barnabas, or by Paul, whom he followed in his travels, and that he was eventual^ sent into Britain, where he labored with much success, and where he at length died (Men- olotj. Gra>c. iii, 17 sq.). — Kitto, s. v.
Aristotle (ApifT-ortXjjc\ one of the greatest phi- losophers of ancient times, whose philosophical system has exercised for a long time a controlling influence on the development of Christian philosophy and on Christian literature in general. Aristotle was born in B.C. 384, at Stagira, in Macedonia, whence he re- ceived his surname, The Stagirite. He was first in- structed by his father, Nicomachos, the private phy- sician of King Augustus III of Macedonia; afterward by Proxenos in Atameus. At the age of 17 years he went to Athens, where he enjoyed for 20 years the instruction of, and intercourse with, Plato. In B.C. S43 he was appointed by Philip of Macedonia teacher of his son Alexander. About 335 he returned to Ath- ens, where he established a new school of philosophy in the " Lyceum" (AvKtiov, so called from an epithet of Apollo), a gymnasium near the city. There he in- structed in the mornings a select circle of disciples (Acroatce, Esoterics), while in the afternoons he gave popular lectures to all kinds of readers (E.roierics). After having taught for 13 years he was accused of impiety, and compelled to leave Athens. He went to Chalcis, and died soon after (B.C. 322). At Stagira an annual festival, called the " Aristotelea," was cele- brated in his honor. According to a Jewish legend, he is said to have turned Jew in consequence of a con- versation held with a Jew at Athens. He is said to have composed about 800 works, lists of which are given by Diogenes Laertius and others. Many of his works are lost; while, on the other hand, several that bear his name are undoubtedly spurious. The oldest complete edition of his works was published by Aid Manutius (Venice, 1495-98, 5 vols, fob); the latest and best by Imman. Bekker (Berlin, 1831 sq. 4 vols.). —Smith's Diet, of Class. Biog. s. v.