ARMY
427
ARNAUD
the night-watches (Judg. vii, 19); and by the com- bination of two of the divisions, there would be a main body and a reserve, or a strong advanced guard (1 Sam . xiii, 2 ; xxv, 13). Jehoshaphat divided his army into five bodies, corresponding, according to Ewald (Ge- schich/e, iii, 192), to the geographical divisions of the kingdom at that time : may not, however, the three- fold principle of division be noticed here also, the heavy-armed troops of Judah being considered as the proper army, and the two divisions of light-armed of the tribe of Benjamin as an appendage (2 Chron. xvii, 14-18) ? See Fight.
The maintenance and equipment of the soldiers at the public expense dates from the establishment of a standing army ; before which, each soldier armed him- self, and obtained his food either by voluntary offer- ings (2 Sam. xvii, 28, 29), by forced exactions (1 Sam. xxv, 13), or by the natural resources of the country (1 Sam. xiv, 27) ; on one occasion only do we hear of any systematic arrangement for provisioning the host (Judg. xx, 10). It is doubtful whether the soldier ever received pay even under the kings (the only in- stance of pay being mentioned applies to mercenaries, 2 Chron. xxv, 6) ; but that he was maintained, while on active service, and provided with arms, appears from 1 Kings iv, 27; x, 1G, 17; 2 Chron. xxvi, 14: notices occur of an arsenal or armory, in which the weapons were stored (1 Kings xiv, 28; Neh. iii, 19; Cant, iv, 4). See Armor.
The numerical strength of the Jewish army can- not be ascertained with any degree of accuracy ; the numbers, as given in the text, are manifestly cor- rupt, and the various statements therefore irreconcila- ble. At the Exodus the number of the warriors was 600,000 (Exod. xii, 37), or 603,350 (Exod. xxxviii, 26; Num. i, 46); at the entrance into Canaan, 601,730 (Num. xxvi, 51). In David's time the army amount- ed, according to one statement (2 Sam. xxiv, 9), to 1,300,000, viz. 800,000 for Israel and 500,000 for Judah ; but according to another statement (1 Chron. xxi, 5, 6) to 1,470,000, viz. 1,000,000 for Israel and 470,000 for Judah. The militia at the same period amounted to 24,000X12 = 288,000 (1 Chron. xxvii, 1 sq.). At a later period the army of Judah under Abijah is stated at 400, 000, and that of Israel under Jeroboam at 300,000 (2 Chron. xiii, 3). Still later, Asa's army, derived from the tribes of Judah and Benjamin alone, is put at 530,000 (2 Chron. xiv, 8), and Jehoshaphat's at 1,160,000 (2 Chron. xvii, 14 sq.). See Number.
Little need be said on this subject with regard to the period that succeeded the return from the Babylonish captivity until the organization of military affairs in Judaea under the Romans. The system adopted by Judas Maccabaeus was in strict conformity with the Mosaic law (1 Mac. iii, 55) ; and though he maintained a standing army, varying from 3000 to 6000 men (1 Mac. iv, 6 ; 2 Mac. viii, 16), yet the custom of pay- ing the soldiers appears to have been still unknown, and to have originated with Simon (1 Mac. xiv, 32). The introduction of mercenaries commenced with John Hyrcanus, who, according to Josephus (Ant. xiii, 8, 4), rifled the tombs of the kings in order to pa}' them ; the intestine commotions that prevailed in the reign of Alexander Jannaeus obliged him to increase the number to 6200 men (Josephus, Ant. xiii, 13, 5 ; 14, 1) ; and the same policy was followed by Alexandra {Ant. xiii, 16, 2), and by Herod the Great, who had in his pay Thracian, German, and Gallic troops (Ant. xvii, 8, 3). The discipline and arrangement of the army was gradually assimilated to that of the Romans, and the titles of the officers borrowed from it (Josephus, War, ii, 20, 7). See Soldier.
II. Roman Army. — This was divided into legions, the number of which varied considerably, each under six tribunes (\i\iapxoc, " chief captain," Acts xxi, 31), who commanded by turns. The legion (q. v.) was subdivided into ten cohorts (airtipa, "band," Acts x,
1), the cohort into three maniples, and the maniple into two centuries, containing originally 100 men, as the name implies, but subsequently from 50 to 100 men, according to the strength of the legion. (See Smith, Diet, of Gr. and Rom. Ant. s. v.) There were thus 60 centuries in a legion, each under the command of a centurion (tKaTOVTap\tic, Acts x, 1, 22 ; tKar6vTap\oc, Matt, viii, 5 ; xxvii, 54). In addition to the legionary cohorts, independent cohorts of volunteers served un- der the Roman standards ; and Biscoe (History of A <-tsl p. 220) supposes that all the Roman forces stationed in Judsea were of this class. Josephus speaks of five co- horts as stationed at Caesarea at the time of Herod Agrippa's death (Ant. xix, 9, 2), and frequently men- tions that the inhabitants of Caesarea and Sebaste served in the ranks (Ant. xx, 8, 7). One of these cohorts was named the " Italian" (Acts x, 1), not as being a portion of the Jtalica legio (for this was not embodied until Nero's reign), but as consisting of volunteers from Italy (Gruter, Inscr. i, 434). This cohort proba- bly acted as the body-guard of the procurator. The cohort named "Augustus" (mzupa St/jotr-/;, Acts xxvii, 1) may have consisted of the volunteers from Sebaste (Josephus, War, ii, 12, 5; Biscoe, p. 223). Others; however, think that it was a cohors Augusta, similar to the legio Augusta. The head-quarters of the Roman forces in Judsea were at Caesarea. A sin- gle cohort was probably stationed at Jerusalem as the ordinary guard ; at the time of the great feasts, how- ever, and on other public occasions, a larger force was sent up, for the sake of preserving order (Josephus, War, ii, 12, 1; 15, 3). Frequent disturbances arose in reference to the images and other emblems carried by the Roman troops among their military ensigns, which the Jews regarded as idolatrous ; deference was paid to their prejudices by a removal of the objects from Jerusalem (Ant. xviii, 3, 1 ; 5, 3). For the sentry (Acts xii, 4) and their " captain" (Acts xxviii, 10), see Guard. The SfZioXafim (Vulg. lancearii; A. V. "sper.rmen,"), noticed in Acts xxiii, 23, appear to have been light-armed, irregular troops ; the origin of the name is, however, quite uncertain (Alford, Comm. in loc). — Smith, s. v. See Host.