Arndt, Joshua, a Lutheran clergyman, born in 1626, was a professor at Rostock, and published several works on philosophy, divinity, and history ; among oth- er.-, lexicon Auliqiiitatum L'rrlesiaslicarum (4to, Greifs- wald, 1669). He died in 1685.
Arnebeth. See Hare.
Arno, archbishop of Salzburg, frequently called, with a Latin name, Aquila, was probably a native of Germany, and not, as has been erroneously inferred from some figurative expressions of Alcuin, a brother of the latter. Arno (or, as he calls himself, Arn) was educated at Freisin^; (Bavaria), and was consecrated in the same city deacon in 765, and priest in 776. He was ;i frequent attendant of Duke Thassilo, of Bavaria, and no less than 25 documents of the church of Frei- Bin» have hi- name as a witness. He became, in 782, abbot at Elmon, in the Netherlands, and in the same ui his intimate relations with Alcuin, who at that time was residing near Elmon. In 785 he return- ed to Bavaria, having been appointed by Duke Thassilo bishop of Salzburg. While sojourning at Rome in 798,
he was, in accordance with the wish of King Karl and the Bavarian bishops, raised to the dignity of arch- bishop. Arno presided at several sj nods, and was, in 813, one ofthe presidents of the Council of Mentz. Ho also converted many Huns and Wends, and died in 820. He wrote, together with Deacon Benedict, the Conges- tion (Indiculus) Arnonis, a list of all the churches, vil- lages, etc., ofthe archbishopric of Salzburg, which is a very valuable contribution to the early Church his- tory of southwestern Germany.— Herzog, Red-Ency- klqjpddii , i, 542.
Arnobius, the Elder, also called "Afer," lived about 297, and taught rhetoric at Sicca, in Africa. He was originally a pagan, and the master of Lactantius, but about the time of Diocletian he embraced the Christian faith, and, according to Jerome (De Yiris II- lust. c. 79), in order the more readily to induce the bishops to receive him among the number ofthe faith- ful, he composed, before his baptism, about the year 303, seven books against the Gentiles (adversus Gen- tes, libri vii). This account of Jerome's is followed by many writers (e. g. Tillemont, Cave ; Smith, Diction- ary, s. v.); but Lardner's argument against it (iii, 458) seems to be conclusive. Arnobius writes in the tone, not of a catechumen, but of a Christian ; and he no- where hints at any necessity or compulsion for his task, but, on the contrary, in the beginning of his book, he speaks of it as a task voluntarily undertaken
j in view of the injurious reproaches cast upon the Christians. The book begins with a vindication of
', Christianity from the charges brought against it by the pagans. In a few points Arnobius makes state-
I ments savoring of Gnosticism, and he does not mani-
I fest a complete acquaintance with the Christian sys- tem or with the Scriptures. He shows, however, an extensive knowledge of pagan worship and literature,
I and the book is a valuable source of information on these topics. The marked peculiarity of his Apology,
j as distinguished from those of his predecessors, con-
I sists in the fact that he not. only repels the charges
i made against Christianity, but also undertakes to show that Christianity itself is demonstrable by evi- dence. In his argument for the divinity of Christ and of his religion, he anticipates many ofthe leading ar- guments of modern apologists, especially of Paley. For a very clear summary of it, see Woodham, Intro- duction to Tertidliani Liber Apologeticus, ch. iii. Villc- main gives Arnobius a very high place among the
. early writers, in Hoefer, Now. Biog. Generate, iii, 311. See also Dorner, Person of Christ, div. i, vol. ii, p. 190. The works of Arnobius were published, for the first time, by Faustus Sabeus, at Rome, in 1542, but with many faults. Many editions have since been issued, but the best are those of Orel/i (Leips. 1810, 3 vols. 8vo), of Ilildebrandt (Halle, 1844, 8vo). See Geret, De Arnobio indicia (Viteb. 1752); Meyer, De ratione Amobiana (Hafn. 1815) ; Cave, Hist. Lit. i, 112.
Arnobius, the Younger, lived about 460, and is said to have been a priest of Gaul, brought up in the monastery of Lerins. He wrote a Commcntaiius in Psalmos Davidis (Basle, 1522 ; Paris, 1639), which shows him to have been a semi-Pelagian. His extant remains may be found in Bib. 3fax. Patr. vol. viii. — Cave, Hist. Lit. cent, v ; Bayle, Dictionary, s. v. ; Du- pin, Eccl. Writers, cent. v.
Arnold (Arnaldo, Arnaud) of Brescia was born in the town of Brescia about the beginning of the twelfth century. Our information as to his history is scanty, and depends chiefly upon the accounts of his enemies. The chief sources are Otto of Freisingen, de Gestis Frider. I, and Gunther, Ligurmus (12th cent., both printed together, Basle, 1569, fol.). He studied under Abclard at the desert of Nogent. Having re- turned to Italy he became a monk. The corruption ofthe clergy was very great at that time, and Arnold, endowed with an impassioned oratory, began to preach
I against the ambition and luxury of abbots, prelates, and cardinals, not sparing the pope himself. He main-
! tained that ecclesiastics as well as laymen ought to be subordinate to the civil power; that the disposal of kingdoms and principalities did not belong to the ( hurch of Christ ; that the clergy should not accumu- late wealth, but should depend upon the offerings of the faithful, or, at most, upon tithes, for their support. His vehement eloquence inflamed the minds of the people, who had been alienated from the clergy before