Arnauld, Henri, brother of Antoine, was born in Paris in 1597. He was originally designed for the bar, but, on receiving from the court the abbey of St. Nich- olas, he entered the church. He was elected bishop of Toul by the diocesan chapter; but, as the election gave rise to disputes, he would not accept it. In 16f 5 he went to Borne to appease the quarrel between the Barbcrini family and Pope Innocent X ; and such was
his success that the family had a medal struck and a statue erected in his honor. On his return to France, he was made bishop of Angers in 1649, devoted him- self to his sacred calling, and became, like the rest of his family, a zealous Jansenist. He was one of the four bishops who refused to sign the acceptance of the pope's bull condemning the "Augustinus" of Jansc- nius. He was accustomed to take only five hours' sleep, that he might have time for prayer and the reading of the Scriptures without encroaching on the duties of his episcopal office. He was regular in visit- ing the sick. When there was a scarcity of provisions at Angers, on one occasion, he sent ten thousand livres so secretly that the donation was attributed to another, and the real donor was only discovered by accident some time afterward. His diocese he never left but once, and that was to reconcile the Prince of Tarento to his father, the Duke de la Tremouille. When An- gers revolted in 1652, the queen-mother was about to take heavy vengeance upon it, but was prevented by this bishop, who, as he administered the sacrament to her, said: "Take the body of Him who forgave His
! enemies when on the cross." Some one advising him i to take one day in the week for recreation, he replied, ' " Yes,'I will, Avhen j'ou find me a day in which I am not bishop." His Negotiations a la Cour de Rome (1748, 5 vols.) contain many curious facts and anec- dotes. He died at Angers, June 8, 1694. — Memoires de Port-Royal (Utrecht, 1742), vol. i ; Besoigne, Vie de Henri Arnaidd (Cologne, 1756, 2 vols. 12mo); Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generate, ii, 290.
Arnauld (of Andili.y), Robert, eldest brother of Antoine Arnauld, was horn at Paris in 1588, and en- tered early into public life, and filled several offices at | the French court. At fifty-two he retired into the ! convent of Port -Royal, where he wrote numerous I translations, and other works, printed in 8 vols. fol. I 1675. He died Sept. 27, 1674. His Vies des Salutes j Peres du desert were translated into English : Lives of i the Fathers of the Desert (London, 1757, 2 vols. Svo). | — Collier, Hist. Diet. s. v. ; Hoefer, Biog. Gcnerale, ii, | 282.
| Arnd or Arndt, John, the first of the Pietists (q. I v.), was born December 2, 1555, at Ballenstadt, at the foot of the Harz Mountains. He studied at the Uni- versity of Helmstadt, and devoted himself at first to medicine, but afterward applied himself to theology at Strasburg under Pappus, a theologian of the rigid Lutheran school. In 1583 he became pastor of the Lutheran church at Badeborn, in Anhalt ; in 1590, at Quedlinburg; in 1599, at St. Martin's, Brunswick. His theological learning was varied and accurate ; but his chief peculiarity was his heart religion, in which respect he was the Spencr or the Wesley of his time. While at Brunswick he published (1605) the first vol- ume of his "True Christianity" (\~ier Biichervomwali- ren Ckristenthum), designed to awaken students, min- isters, and others to practical and experimental relig- ion, and to mend, if possible, the loose morals of the age. The book created a great sensation, and was at once translated into several languages. Its revivalism also brought out the enmity of the scholastic theologi- ans and of the "dry" religionists; a controversy of many years' duration was the result. See Scharff, Sup- plem. Hist. Litisque Arndtiana; (1727). In 1608 Arndt was called to Eisleben, and in 1609 the three other books of his True Christianity were given to the press. No book of practical religion has been more widely cir- culated, not even Bunyan's Pilgrim or Baxter's Saints' Rest. The substance of the book is as follows : Book I is called the Book of Scripture : it seeks to show the way of the inward and spiritual life, and that Adam ought to die every day more and more in the heart of a Christian, and Christ to gain the ascendant there. The second is called the Book of Life : he proposes in it to direct the Christian to a greater degree of perfec-
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tion, to give him a relish for sufferings, to encourage him to resist his enemies after the example of his Sav- iour. The third is entitled the Book of Conscience : in this he recalls the Christian within himself, and discovers to him the kingdom of God seated in the midst of his own heart, the last hook is entitled the Book of Nature : the author proves here that all the creatures lead men to the knowledge of their Creator. New editions of the work are very numerous; those by J. F. von Meyer (4th ed. Francf. 1857) and Krum- macher (4th ed. Leipz. 1859) contain biographies of the author. For a complete list of the new German editions of Arndt's work, see Zuchold, Bibl. Theol., s. v. Arnd. The work was translated into main- differ- ent languages : Latin, Luneburg, in 1625 ; Frankfort, in 1628 ; and Leipsic, in 1704. It was printed in Low Dutch in 1642 and 1647, and translated into Danish and Bohemian. It was translated into French by Samuel Basnage de Beauval. The first hook was printed in English in 1646; in 1708 the Latin translation was reprinted at London ; an English translation was pub- lished in 1712, 8vo, dedicated to Queen Anne, by M. Boehm. A new English translation was published in 1815 by William Jaques — True Christianity, or the whole Economy of God toward Man, and the whole Duty of Man toward God (2 vols. 8vo, Lond.), and an American edi- tion (Philad. 1842, 8vo). In 1611 Arndt was trans- ferred to Celle, when the duke of Luneburg made him court chaplain and superintendent, and his last years were spent in promoting the religious interests of the duchy. He died in 1621. Among the charges brought against Arndt, one was that he was a mem- her of the Rosicrueian fraternity ; but that has been disproved (Henke, Deutsche Zeitschrift, 1852, No. 35) ; yet his medical studies had undoubtedly led him to dabble in alchemy. Besides the True Christianity, he published a number of minor writings, which may be found in the edition of his works by Rambach (Leipzig, 1734, 3 vols. 8vo). See Arnold, Kirchen and Ketzerhis- torie, II, xvii, § 6; F. Arndt, Joh. Arndt, tin biog. Versuch (Berlin, 1838); Pertz, De Joanne A rndtio, etc. (Hanover, 1852) ; Herzog, Real-EncyMopiidie, i, 540 ; Hurst, History of Rationalism, ch. i; Morris, Life of John Arndt (Baltimore, 1853, 12mo).