Ar'sareth (Lat. Arsareth, for the Greek text is not extant), a region beyond the Euphrates, apparent- ly of great extent if the fanciful passage (2 [Vulg. 4] Esdr. xiii, 15) where alone it occurs can be relied upon as historical.
Arsenal. The ancient Hebrews had each man his own arms, because all went to the wars ; the3* had
ARSENIUS
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no arsenals or magazines of arms, because they had no regular troops or soldiers in constant pay. See Army. There were no arsenals in Israel till the reigns of Da- vid and Solomon. See Armor. David made a large collection of arms and consecrated them to the Lord in his tabernacle (1 Sam. xxi, 9 ; 2 Sam. viii, 7-12; 1 Chron. xxvi, 26, 27). The high-priest Jehoiada took them out of the treasury of the temple to arm the peo- ple and Levites on the day of the young king Joash's elevation to the throne (2 Chron. xxiii, 9). Solomon collected a great quantity of arms in his palace of the forest of Lebanon, and established well-provided arse- nals in all the cities of Judah, which he fortified (2 Chron. xi, 12). He sometimes compelled the con- quered and tributary people to forge arms for him (1 Kings x, 25). Uzziah not only furnished his arsenals with spears, helmets, shields, cuirasses, swords, bows, and slinks, but also with such machines as were proper for sieges (2 Chron. xxvi, 14, 15). Hezekiah had the same precaution ; he also made stores of arms of all sorts (see 2 Chron. xxxii, 5 ; comp. 2 Kings xx, 13). Jonathan and Simon Maccabseus had arsenals stored with good arms; not only such as had been taken from their enemies, but others which they had pur- chased or commissioned to be forged for them (1 Mace. x, 21 ; xiv, 23, 42 ; 2 Mace, viii, 27 ; xv, 21). See Armory.
Arsenius, an anchoret, born at Rome in 350 ; died in 445. While a deacon of the Church of Rome, he was chosen, in 38:>, by Pope Damasus as tutor of Ar- cadius, the elder son of Theodosius. As Arsenius did not succeed in the education of this prince, he quitted the court, and penetrated into the desert of Said (The- bais), where he remained until his death. Arsenius is commemorated in the Roman martyrology on July 19 (Hoefer, Biograph'e Generate, ii, 3G9).
Arsenius, Antorianus, head of a monastery in Nicea, afterward a hermit on Mt. Athos. He was ap- pointed Greek patriarch about 1255, and ordained dea- con, priest, and patriarch in the same week. On the death of Th. Lascaris II he was charged with the tu- telage of his son John. Michael Palaioiogus, aiming at the sole authority, put out the ej-es of the young prince, and Arsenius excommunicated him, and re- fused to remit the sentence unless he would abdicate in favor of the legitimate heir. Palseologus refused. Arsenius remaining firm, a synod held in Constanti- nople, 12(34, deposed him. He died on an island in the Propontis in 1207. Here he wrote his Eccleshe dnecv Monumenta (Paris, 1081, 4 to) ; and aim Synopsis Dlcl- norum Cctnonum, published in Justellus's Bibliotheca Jur. Canon, vol*, ii (Paris, 1601). — Cave, Hist. Lit. anno 1255.
Arsenius of Elasso, a dignitary of the Greek Church, lived toward the close of the 17th century. He is the author of a "History of the Variations of the Greek Church." From the introduction of Chris- tianity into Russia (992) until 1587, this church was governed by metropolitans dependent upon foreign patriarchs. In 1587, Job, the first Russian patriarch, was consecrated by Jeremiah II, patriarch of Constan- tinople ; and this form of ecclesiastical government continued until 1700, when the Czar put himself at the head of the Russian Church. The details which Arse- nius gives us on these "variations in the Greek Church" have been printed in 1749, in the first part of the Catalogue of Manuscripts of Turin. A Latin translation was given in 1820 I y Wiehmann, in his Sammlung hleiner Schrifien. — Hoefer, Biographic Uni- verselle, iii, 370.
Arsuf. See Apoli.onia.
Art, Sacred. — Art is the embodiment of aesthetic feeling in human productions. The Fine Arts — or the different methods of this embodiment — are classified into two grand divisions : (1) those that reach the soul through the channel of the eye, termed the formative
arts (in German, the bildende Kilnsle) ; and (2) those that reach the soul through the channel of the ear (termed in German the redende Kiinste, but for which we have no appropriate word in English). To the for- mer belong architecture, sculpture, painting, engraving, etc. ; to the latter, music, poetry, and oratory. The applied arts are those in which the ornamentation is I applied to productions that are not, in their primary purpose, works of art. In all nations, and in all ages of the world, the emotions of the human soul have sought expression in aesthetic or artistic forms. Espe- cially has this been the case with the highest emotions of the heart — the religious. In return, the propaga- tors of all religions have availed themselves of aesthet- ic forms and modes of presenting their doctrines and creeds to the consciences and hearts of men ; some em- ploying all the fine arts, others only a part of them. Thus has been developed religious art, both pagan and sacred. Sacred art, or that of revealed religion, divides itself into (1) Jewish and (2) Christian.