3. A city in the south of Judah (i. e. in Simeon), to which David sent presents after recovering the spoil of Ziklag (1 Sain, xxx, 26, 28). It appears to have been the native city of two of David's warriors (1 Chron. xi, 4 ! ). At the distance of twenty geograph- ical miles south by west from Hebron, Dr. Robinson (Research, s, ii, (lis) came to a broad wady where there are many pita for water, which are called Ararah, and which gave name to the valley. In the valley and on the western hill are evident traces of an ancient vil- lage or town, consisting only of foundations of unhewn S, now much scattered, but yet sufficiently dis-
tinct to mark them as foundations. Small fragments of pottery are also everywhere visible. The same iden' tification is proposed by Schwarz, who calls the place "the modern village Arar, two and a half English miles south of Moladah" (Palest, p. 113).
Aroer. See Heath.
Ar'oerite (Heb. Aroeri', ^SpS, Sept. 'Apapt), an inhabitant of one of the cities of Aroer, probably that in the tribe of Judah (1 Chron. xi, 44).
A'rom ( Ap6/t, prob. interpolated), the name of a man whose descendants (or of a place whose inhabi- tants), to the number of thirty-two, are said to have returned from the Babylonian captivity (1 Esdr. v, 16) ; but the genuine text (Ezra ii, 17, 18) has no cor- responding name, unless it lie a mistake for Asom, and represents the Hashum of Ezra xi, 19.
Aromatics (from the Gr. dpojpa, a pleasant smell) is a general term including all those odoriferous sub- stances denoted by several Hebrew words, frequently designated as " spices" in the Auth. Vers., e. g. ahalim ("aloes"), "al/iivy" or "a/gum,'" bedolach ("bdel- lium"), chelbenah (" galbanum"), basam, or balsam, kaneh ("calamus"), ketsioth and Hddah ("cassia"), "cinnamon," lebonah ("frankincense"), lot and mor ("myrrh"), nerd(" spikenard"), natof(u stacte"), tseri ("balm"), shecheleth ("onycha"), also rehach, bosen or besen, sammim, and nelcoth ("spice"), all which see in their alphabetical place, and compare "mint," "rue," "anise," " thyine wood," etc., mentioned in the N. T. It is difficult to determine the exact prod- ucts which the most of the words refer to, but when they are separately noticed, especially when several are enumerated, their names may lead us to their iden- tification. Dr. Vincent has observed that "in Exod. xxx we find an enumeration of cinnamon, cassia, myrrh, frankincense, stacte, onycha, and galbanum, all of which are the produce either of India or Arabia." More correctly, cinnamon, cassia, frankincense, and onycha were probably obtained from India ; myrrh, stacte, and some frankincense, from the east coast of Africa, and galbanum from Persia. More than 1000 years later, or about B.C. 588, in Ezek. xxvii, the chief spices are referred to, with the addition, however, of calamus. They are probably the same as those just enumerated. Dr. Vincent refers chiefly to the Perip'us, ascribed to Arrian, written in the second century, as furnishing a proof that many Indian substances were at that time well known to commerce, as aloe or agila wood, gum bdellium, the googal of India, cassia and cinnamon, nard, costus, incense — that is, olibanum — ginger, pepper, and spices. If we examine the work of Dioscorides, we shall find all these, and several oth- er Indian products, not only mentioned, but described, as schoznanthus, calamus aromaticus cyperns, malaba- thrum, turmeric. Among others, Lycium indicum. is mentioned. This is the extract of barberry root, and is prepared in the Himalayan Mountains (Royle, on the Lycium of Dioscorides, Lineman Trans.). It is not unworthy of notice that we find no mention of several very remarkable products of the East, such as cam- phor, cloves, nutmeg, betel-leaf, cubebs, gamboge, all of which are so peculiar in their nature that we could not have failed to recognise them if they had been de- scribed at all, like those we have enumerated as the produce of India. These omissions are significant of the countries to which commerce and navigation had not extended at the time when the other articles were well known ( Hindoo Medicine, p. 93). If we trace these up to still earlier authors, we shall find many of them mentioned by Theophrastus, and even by Hip- pocrates; and if we trace them downward to the time of the Arabs, and from that to modern times, we find many of them described under their present names in works current throughout the East, and in which their ancient names are given as synonyms. We have, therefore, as much assurance as is possible in such
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cases, that the majority of the substances mentioned by the ancients have been identified ; and that among the spices of early times were included many of those which now form articles of commerce from India to Europe. — Kitto, ii, 787. See Spicery ; Perfume.
Arophaeus. See Amariah.
Ar'pad (Isa. xxxvi, 19 ; xxxvii, 13) or Ar'phad (Heb. Arpad', IS^X, perhaps a support; but see be- low ; Sept. in 2 Kings 'Apfdc, elsewhere 'AptyaS, in Isa. x, 9 undistinguishable), a Syrian city, having its own king (2 Kings xix, 13; Isa. xxxvii, 13), in the neighborhood of Hamath (2 Kings xviii, 34 ; Isa. x, 9 ; xxxvi, 19) and Damascus (Jer. xlix, 23), with both of which it appears to have been conquered by the As- syrians under Sennacherib. Michaelis and others seek Arphad in Raphanee or Raphaneie of the Greek geog- raphers (Ptol. v, 15; Steph. Byzant. in 'EirKpdvtia ; Joseph. War, vii, 1, 3; vii, 5, 1), which was a day's journey west of Hamath (Mannert, VI, i, 431). Pau- lus {Comment, in Isa. x, 9) thinks it was a city in the neighborhood of the Tigris and Euphrates. Some, however, are content to find this Arphad in the Arpha ('Apfci) which Josephus (War, iii, 3, 5) mentions as situated on the north-eastern frontier of the northern- most province of Herod Agrippa's tetrarehy ; also call- ed A rtha (Ap$a) or A rfa by other ancient writers (Re- land, Palccst. p. 584). But it seems best (with Doder- lein and others) to refer it to the Phoenician island city Arvad or Aradus (q. v.), which was opposite Ha- math (the interchange of £ and 1 being very natural).