Arpha. See Arpad.
Arphax'ad (Heb. Arpakshad', 'TODB'IX [on the signif. see below] ; Sept. and N. T. 'Apfa^dc, Josephus 'An<pa£da){), the name of two men.
1. The first antediluvian patriarch, son of Shem, and father of Salah ; born one year after the end of the Deluge, and died B.C. 2075, at the age of 438 vears (Gen. xi, 10-13; 1 Chron. i, 17, 18; Luke iii," 36). From Gen. x, 22, 24, it appears that the region settled by this patriarch's descendants likewise took his name. The conjecture of Bochart (Ph'd<g, ii, 4) has been adopted by several others (Michaelis, Suppl. p. 129 ; Orient. Bibl. xvii, 77 sq. ; Mannert, v, 439), that it is the province Arrhapachitis ('Appa-rraxiTtv), in northern Assyria, near Armenia (Ptol. vi, 1), the primitive coun- try of the Chaldaaans (Josephus, Ant. i, G, 4 ; comp. Syncell. Chron. p. 4G), whose national title (D"HC3, Kasd'nn) appears to form the latter part of the name Arphaxad (12)3) ; the first part being referred by Mi- chaelis (Spicileg. i, 73 sq.) to an Arabic root signifying boundary/ (q. d. "border of the Chaldseans"), but with as little felicity (see Tuch, Gen. p. 25G) as the deriva- tion by Ewald (Jsr. Gesch. i, 333) from another Arabic root signifying to bind (q. d. " fortress of the Chal- daeans"). (See Gesenius, Comment, lib. Jesv. xxiii, 13; and comp. Niebuhr, Gesch. Assur's, p. 414, note.) Bohlen (Gen. in loc), with even less probability, com- pares the Sanscrit Arjapakshata "(a land) by the side of Asia;" comp. Porussia, i. q. Po-rus, i. e. near the Russians. (See Schliizer in the Repert. f. bibl. Lit. viii, 137 ; Lengerke, Kenaan, i, 211 ; Knobel, Vulker- tafel d. Genesis, Giess. 1850.)
2. A king of Media at Ecbatana, which city he had fortified during an open campaign and siege by his contemporary Nebuchadnezzar (Judith i, 1 sq.). From the connection of his name with Ecbatana he has been frequenthr identified with Deioces (Ctes. "Artaeus"), the founder of Ecbatana (Herod, i, 98) ; but as Deioces died peaceably (Herod, i, 102), it seems better to look for the original of Arphaxad in his son Phraortes (Ctes. "Artynes"), who greatly extended the Median empire, and at last fell in a battle with the Assyrians, B.C. 633 (Herod, i, 102). But this would disagree with the date and circumstances of Nebuchadnezzar; moreover, the half-fabulous book of Judith abounds
with statements respecting the Median kings scarcely reconcilable with genuine history. See Media; Ju- dith. Niebuhr (Gesch. Assur's, p. 32) endeavors to identify the name with " Ash/ages" =Ashdahak, the common title of the Median dynasty, and refers the events to a war in the twelfth vear of Nebuchadnez- zar, king of Babylon, B.C. 592 (Ibid. p. 212, 285). See Nkijihiadnezzar.
Arrhabon (apjjap&v, earnest or pledge). The early church used a great varietj' of expressions to de- scribe the elements of bread and wine in the Lord's Supper, and among the rest, the expressions dppaftwv and appa/iujv r<jc ptWovmig £wijc, earnest of the life to come, probably with reference to 2 Cor. i, 22 ; v, 5 ; and Eph. i, 14. See Earnest. The Arrhabonarii were sacramentarians in the 16th century who held that the bread and wine in the Eucharist are neither the real body and blood of Christ, nor the signs of them, but only the pledge and earnest thereof.— Far- rar, s. v.
Arriaga, Paul Joseph de, a Spanish Jesuit, born at Vergara in 1562. Having been sent by his superiors to Peru, he founded several educational in- stitutions, and was, in succession, rector of the college of Arequipa and of that of Lima. He perished in a shipwreck, but it is not known in what year. He is the author of a work on the Indians in Peru (ExHrpa- cion de la idolatria de los Indios del Peru, Lima, 1621), and of several other works. — Hoefer, Biog. Generate, iii, 354.
Arriaga, Roderigo de, an eminent Spanish Jes- uit, was born at Logrono, Spain, Jan. 17, 1592. At fourteen he entered the order of Jesuits, and afterward taught philosophy and theology at Valladolid and Sal- amanca. He was sent to Prague in 1624, and taught theology there till 1627. He was a man of great acute- ness of mind, and had deservedly a great reputation in his day for learning and skill in dogmatic theology. He died at Prague June, 17, 1667. Bayle hints that he was inclined to Pyrrhonism. Among his writings are Cursus Philosophies (Antwerp, 1632, fol.) ; Disput. Theol. in summam Aqvinatis (8 vols, fol., 1643-1655; and again at Lyons, 1669). — Bayle, Dicticnmry, s. v. ; Walch, Bibliotheca, i, 152 ; Sotuel, Script. Soc. Jesu, 729.
Arrow. There are several words thus rendered in the English Bible, namely, properly VH (chefs, from its sharp?:ess), of frequent occurrence (rendered " dart" in Prov. vii, 23; "wound," i. e. of an arrow, Job xxxiv, 6; "staff" by an error of transcription for "V, the haft of a spear, 1 Sam. xvii, 7), with its deriv- atives ">SH (chetsi', 1 Sam. xx, 36, 37, 38 ; 2 Kings ix, 24) and "j'^H (chatsats', Psa. lxxvii, 17; elsewhere "gravel"); poetically 7(C^\ (re'sheph, Psa. lxxvi, 31, lightning, as it is elsewhere rendered), and i"HEj3"jSl (ben-ke' sheth, i. e. son of a bow, Job xli, 28). Among the Hebrews arrows were probably at first made of reed, as common among the Egyptians ; subsequently they were made from some light sort of wood, and tip- ped with an iron point. Whether they were ever dip- ped in poison is not clear from Job vi, 4 ; Deut. xxxii, 24. They were often composed, in part at least, of the shrub CPi, ro'them, "juniper," which, being discharged from the bow while on fire, kindled upon the baggage or armament of the enemy (Psa. exx, 4 ; Job xxx, 4). Hence arrows are sometimes put tropically for light- nings (Deut. xxxii, 23, 42; Psa. vii, 13; Zech. ix, 14). Arrows were used in war as well as in hunting (Gen. xxvii, 3; xlvii, 22). See Archer. They were kept in a case called a quiver (q. v.), which was slung over the shoulder in such a position that the soldier could draw them out when needed (Psa. xci, 5 ; exx, 4). See Bow. They were also used in divination (Ezek. xxi, 21). See Divixatiox. The arrows of the ancient Egyptians varied from 22 to 34 inches in length ; some