hardly be maintained. They contain, however, what the Church of England holds to be a fair scriptural ac- count of the leading doctrines of Christianity, together with a condemnation of what she considers to be the principal errors of the Church of Rome and of certain Protestant sects. As far as they go (and there are many things unnoticed by them), they are a legal def- inition of the doctrines of the Church of England and Ireland, though the members of that communion look to the Prayer-book as well as to the articles for the genuine expression of her faith. The articles are far more thoroughly Protestant than the Prayer-book, ta- ken as a whole. Although the articles expressly as- sert that the Church of Koine lias erred, attempts have repeatedly been made by the High-Church party of the Church of England to show that there is no irreconcil- able difference between the Thirty-nine Articles and the decrees of the Council of Trent, and that a construc- tion can lie put upon them fully harmonizing them. To show this was, in particular, the object of Dr. New- man's celebrated tract (Tracts for the Times, No. 90, Oxf. 1839), and more recently of Ur. Pusey's Eirenicon (Lond. 1805; N. Y. 1800). See also Christ. Remembr. Jan. 1866, art. vi. The articles were adopted by the Convocation of the Irish Church in 1035, and by the Scotch Episcopal Church at the close of the 18th centu- ry. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, contains the only copies of the articles in manuscript or print that arc of any authority. Among them are the Latin manu- script of the articles of 1502 and the English manuscript of the articles of 1571, each with the signatures of the archbishops and bishops who subscribed them. See Lamb, Account of the Thirty-nine Articles (Camb. 2d ed. 1835). One of the best accounts of the origin of the Thirty-nine Articles is given by Hardwick, History of the Articles of Religion (Lond. 1855, 8vo). For exposi- tions of them, see Burnet On the Thirty-nine Articles (N. Y. 1815, 8vo) ; Welchman, XXXTX Articles (Lond. 1834, 8vo, 13th ed.) ; Sworde, The first Seventeen A, 'i- cles (Lond. 1847, 8vo) ; Wilson, XXXIX Articles Il'-us* trated (Oxf. 1840, 8vo) ; Dimock, XXXIX Articles Ex- plained (Lond. 1845, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Browne. Erpositim of Thirty-nine Articles (Lond. 1851, 8vo; N. Y. ed. by Williams, 1805, 8vo) ; Cardwcll, Synodalia ; Palmer On the Church, ii, 242 sq. ; Lee, The Articles paraphrase tically explained by Sancta Clara (Dr. Davenport) (from the edition of 1040 ; London, 1865, post 8vo).
Artificer (some form of the verb d^n, chtrash', to engrave, as elsewhere), a person engaged in any kind of trade or manual occupation [see Carpenter, Mason, etc.], Gen. iv, 22; Isa. iii, 3. See Handi- craft. In the early periods to which the scriptural history refers, we do not meet with those artificial feel- ings and unreasonable prejudices against hand-labor which prevail and arc so banefully influential in mod- ern society. See Labor. Accordingly, even the cre- ation of the world is spoken of as the work of God's hands, and the firmament is said to show his handi- work (Psa. viii, 3 ; xix, 1 ; Gen. ii, 2 ; Job xxxiv, 19). The primitive history, too, which the Bible presents is the history of hand-laborers. Adam dressed the gar- den in which God bad placed him (Gen. ii, 15), Abel was a keeper of sheep, Cain a tiller of the ground (Gen. iv, 3), Tubal-Cain a smith (Gen. iv, 22). See Art. The shepherd-life which the patriarchs previ- ously led in their own pasture-grounds was not favora- ble to the cultivation of the practical arts of life, much less of those arts by which it is embellished. Egypt, in consequence, must have presented to Joseph and his father not only a land of wonders, but a source of rich and attractive knowledge. Another source of knowledge to the Hebrews of handicrafts were the maritime and commercial Phoenicians. Commerce and navigation imply great skill in art and science; and the pursuits to which they lead largely increase the skill whence they emanate." See Commerce. It
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is not, therefore, surprising that the origin of so many j arts has been referred to the north-eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea ; nor is there any difficulty in un- derstanding how arts and letters should be propagated from the coast to the interior, conferring high advan- tages on the inhabitants of Syria in general, as well hefore as after the settlement of the Hebrew tribes in the land of promise. At first the division of labor was only very partial. The master of the family himself exercised such arts as were found of absolute necessi- ty. Among these may be reckoned not only those which pasturage and tillage required, but most of those which were of that rough and severe nature which de- mand strength as well as skill ; such, for instance, as the preparation of wood-work for the dwelling, the slaving of animals for food, which every householder understood, together with the art of extracting the blood from the entire carcass. The lighter labors of the hand fell to the share of the housewife ; such as baking bread — for it was only in large towns that baking was carried on as a trade (2 Sam. xiii, 8) — such also as cooking in general, supplying the house with water — no very easy office, as the fountains often lay at a considerable distance from the dwelling; more- over, weaving, making of clothes for males as well as females, working in wool, flax, hemp, cotton, tapes- try, richly-colored hangings, and that not only for do- mestic use, but for "merchandise," were carried on within the precincts of the house by the mistress and her maidens (Exod. xxxv, 25 ; 1 Sam. ii, 19 ; 2 Kings xxiii, 7 ; Prov. xxxi). See Weaving.