Artomacliy (q. d. aprofiaxta, dispute reepect'ng bread, from dprog and /<«\n), a c< ntroversy respecting the bread of the Eucharist, criginated in 1053 by Mi- chael Cerularius. This dispute existed between the Greek and Latin churches ; the former contending that the bread used should be leavened, the latter urging the necessity of being unleavened bread. Protestant writers have taken part with the Greek Church in this controversy. Early Christian writers make no men- tion of the use of unleavened bread; the fame kind of bread was eaten in the agapa? that was consecrated for the Eucharist, viz., common I read. Leavened bread appears to have been in use when Epiphanius and Am- 1 irose wrote. Unleavened bread was generally discon- tinued at the Reformation ; but the Lutherans retain it; Farrar, Eccl. Diet. s. v. See Azymites.
Artotyrltae (q. d. ('tprori'pirai, from apTOQ, bread, and Tv{>i'e, (//r< si), a branch of the Montanists, who tirst appeared in the second century. They used bread ami cheese in the Eucharist; or, perhaps, bread baked with cheese. The reason assigned was, according to Augustine (liar. cap. xxviii), that the first men offered to God not only the fruits of the earth, but of their flocks also. The Artotyritae admitted women to the priesthood, and even consecrated them bishops. — Bing- ham, Orig. Keel, xv, 2, S ; Epiphanius, Heir, xlix ; Farrar, Led. Diet. s. v.
ARTS
449
ARVAD
Arts, one of the faculties in which decrees are con- ferred in the universities. The circle of the arts was formerly divided into the Tritium, viz. grammar', rhet- oric, and logic ; and the Quadriv'um, viz. arithmetic, g3ometry, music, and astronomy. It now includes all branches not technical or professional. — Hook, Chunk Diet. s. v. See Degrees ; Universities.
Ar'uboth (Heb. Arubboth', ?Vi3,lSj:, a lattice ; Sept. 'Apa(3o>Si), a city or district, probably in the tribe of Judah (or Simeon), being the third of Solomon's pur- veyorships, under the charge of Hesed or Ben-Hesed, and including Socoh and Hepher within its limits (1 Kings iv, 10). Schwarz (Palest, p. 237) fancies it is represented by the modern village and wady Rdbith in the limits of Zebulon ; but the associated names in- dicate the region Jebel Khali/, S.W. of Hebron.
Aruch (JB.eb.Aruh', Tp"1^, arranged, sc. in alpha- betical order), the title of a Talmudical lexicon, com- piled by R. Nathan ben-Jechiel, who was rector of the synagogue at Rome A.D. 1106, according to the Chron- icon " Zemach David," and who is usually styled by the Jewish writers Trl"1^ ^32, Auctor AruJi (Buxtorf, Lex Talm. col. 1GG5). It was first published by Sou- cini (Pesaro, 1517, iol.), and edited bv Archinotti (Ven- ice, 1531, 1533, fbl.), Eekendorf (Basle, 1599, fol.), Mu- safia (Amst. 1655, i'ol.), and with Germ, notes by Lan- dau (Prague, 1819-24, 5 vols. 8vo). See Furst, Bib. Jud. iii, 20 sq. ; Berlin, Additamenta zum Aruch (Vien. 1830-59, 2 vols. 8vo).
Aru'mah (Heb. Arumah' , fTC^nx, prob. for Ru- mah, with X prosthetic ; Sept. 'Apr/fia), a city appar- ently near Shechem, in which Abimelech the son of Gideon resided (Judg. ix, 41). It has been conjectured that the word in ver. 31, lT;"ir2, rendered "privily," and in the margin " at Tormah," may signify " at Aru- mah" by changing the M to an X. It seems to be con- founded with Rumah (2 Kings xxiii, 36) by Euseb. and Jerome, who state (Onomast. s. v. Rama) that it ('Api'/i, Arima) was then called Remphis or Arimathaea ! The suggestion of Van de Veldo (Memoir, p. 288) appears to be correct that it is represented by the modern ruin El- Ormah, on the brow of a mountain S.E. of Shechem.
Arundel, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, was second son of Robert Fitz-Alan, earl of Arundel and Warren, and was born at Arundel Castle in 1353. His powerful family connections gave him early promotion : at 20 he was archdeacon of Taunton, and in 1374 the pope nominated him to the vacant see of Ely, the king and the monks of Ely having, at the same time, re- spectively nominated two others; but Arundel was consecrated without dispute. In 1388 he was removed to the see of York, and was the first archbishop of that see who was translated to Canterbury, which was the case in 1398. Very shortly after Arundel was forced into banishment by Richard II, as an accomplice of his brother, the earl of Arundel (executed as a parti- san of the duke of Gloucester), and Roger Walden was put into the chair of Canterbury, and acted as arch- bishop for about two years. (Johnson, Ercl. Canons, ii, A.D. 1398.) The archbishop, in the mean time, went to Rome, and afterward to Cologne. He figured largely in the political intrigues by which Richard was deposed, and on the accession of Henry IV, 1399, he was restored to his see. He was a great persecutor of the WIckliffites, and in 1408 he published, in convo- cation at Oxford, "Ten Constitutions against the Lol- lards." He established in that year an inquisition for heresy at Oxford, and put in force the statute de heere- tico comburend > ( 2 Hen. IV, ch. xv), and prohibited the circulation of the English Scriptures. He built the tower called the "Arundel Tower," and gave to the cathedral of Canterbury a chime of bells, known as "Arundel's ring," and was a great benefactor in many ways to the cathedral establishments. He died Feb- Ff