Aubertin, Edmund, one of the most learned di- vines of the French Protestant Church, was born at Chalons-sur-Marne in 1596, and became minister at Chartres in 1618. He was called to Paris in 1631. and died there April 5th, 1652. He wrote Conformite de la Creance de Veglise et de St. Augustine sur le Sacrement de VEucharistie (1626, 8vo), which attracted great atten- tion, and was afterward enlarged into U Eucharistie de Vancienne ('glise, etc. (1633, fol.). This work awakened great attention and controversy. Arnauld answered it, but ineffectively. It was translated into Latin by Blonde], De Eucharistia sire canm Domini li.bri tres (De- venter, 1654). — Haag, La France Protestante, i, 149.
Aubigne, Theodore -Agrippa d' , a French writer and historian, born the 8th of February, 1550, at Saint-Maury en Saintonge. He showed at a very early age signs of what he was afterward to become. At six years of age he studied Latin, Greek, and He- brew ; at ten he translated the Crito of Plato, on his father's promise to print it with his portrait. A year after, his father, who was a zealous Protestant, made him swear (upon the scaffold on which some Protest-
ants were executed) eternal hatred to Rome. lie kept the vow. At fifteen he was a student at Geneva un- der Beza, but soon quit his studies to serve in the army under the Prince de Condo and the King of Na- varre. He soon rose to the first rank of Protestant warriors, and did not lay down his sword till Henry IV was established on the throne. He served his king only too faithfully, and by his plain rebukes often brought down upon his head the wrath of the monarch. After the death of Henry he published I'Eistoire univer- selle de son temps de 1550 a 1601 (Paris and Amsterdam, 1616-26, 3 vols. fol.). The book was condemned to be burnt by the Parliament, and the author took refuge at Geneva, where he died the 29th of April, 1630. He was a species of Admirable Crichton, combining the statesman's skill, the warrior's intrepidity, the schol- ar's learning, and the poet's genius with all the ster- ling virtues of the Christian. His daughter became afterward the mother of Madame de Maintenon, who inherited many of the qualities of her ancestor, but not his religion. A new Life of D'Aubigne, from a MS. found in the library of the Louvre in 1851, was pub- lished in 1854 by M. Lalanne (Paris, 8vo), who also published reprints of the minor writings of D'Aubigne (Les Tragiques?18b7 ; Aventures da Fanesie, edited by Merimee, with a sketch of D'Aubigne, 1855). — Haag, La France Protestante, s. v. ; Herzog, Eecd-Encyhlopa- die, Suppl. p. 117 ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, iii, 576.
Aucher, Pascal, an Armenian monk, born 1771 in Armenia, died 1854. He was, while yet very young, sent, together with his elder brother, J. B. Aucher (born 1760, died 1853), to the Armenian convent of San Lazaro at Venice, where they were educated, and subsequently joined the order of Mechitarists. Both deserved well of the theological literature of Armenia by publishing a number of important works of ancient Armenian literature (e. g. the Chrnncles of Eusebius, the Discourses of Philo, etc.). Paschal Aucher also published an Armenian-English Dictionary (2 vols. Venice, 1821).
Audaeans, Audeans, or Audians, followers of Audasus or Audius (A.D. 340 or 350), a native of Syria, who boldly castigated the luxury and vice of the cler- gy, and who finally left the church. He and his fol- lowers afterward deviated from the usages of the church, especially on the date of Easter. He was charged with anthropomorphism. He had himself ir- regularly consecrated as bishop ; was banished to Scythia, and died before 372. His personal character was remarkably pure. The sect died out in the fifth century. See Schroder, De Audeo <J Audianis (Mar- burg, 1716); Lardner, Works, iv, 176; Mosheim, Ch. Hist, i, 309 ; Neander, Ch. Hist, ii, 705.
Audientes. See Hearers.
Audientia Episcopalis (i. e. episcqml judg- ment), a name first used in the code of Justinian, and thence generally employed in the ecclesiastical law of the Middle Ages to designate the right of the bishops to act as arbiters in civil affairs. See Bishop; Juris- diction.— Herzog, Real-Encyldop. s. v.
Audin, J. M. V., a French littiratfur, was born at Lyons in 1793, and studied theology at the seminary of Argentiere. He soon abandoned theology for the study of the law, but after being admitted to the bar he never practiced. In 1814 he came to Paris and commenced bookseller, at the same time keeping up his literary pursuits. The books for which his name is mentioned here arc Histoire <!• hi St. Barthelemy | (1826, 2 vols. 12mo); Histoire de la Vie, des Ouvrages, et des Doctrines de Luther (2 vols. 8vo; translated by Turnbull, London, 1854, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Histoire de la Vie, etc., de, Calvin (1843, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Henry VIII et le Schisme <f Avgleterre (2 vols. 8vo; transl. by Browne, Lond. 1852, Svo). He died February 21st, 1851. His lives of Luther and Calvin are written in a controver-
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sial spirit, and are often unjust as well as inaccurate. Brownson (Roman Catholic) says of him that, as a writer of history, "he is conscientious and painstak- ing, bnt we cannot regard him as very sagacious or profound; and, under the relation of style and man- ner, he is not sufficiently grave and dignified to suit our taste, or to inspire us with full conlidence in his judgment. He takes too much pains to be striking and brilliant, and appears to weigh the phrase more than the thought. Regarded as popular works, as they probably were designed to be, we esteem very highly Audin's biographies; but, regarded as studies on the Reformation, the}- are deficient in philosophical depth and comprehensiveness. They take, in our judgment, quite too narrow and too superficial a view of the great Protestant movement, and afford us very little aid in understanding its real causes and internal character.'' — Hoefer, Nouv. Blog. Generate, iii, 604; Brownson1 s Review, January, 1855.