tion of diocesan synods with lay delegations, and oth- er reforms. The government desired to make Wes- senberg the first archbishop of the newly-erected see of Freiburg, but could not obtain the papal confirma- tion. A reaction in favor of ultramontane views com- menced under the Archbishop Vicari (1844), and in 1853 a violent contest began between State and Church. The priests received one class of directions from the archbishop, and another from the supreme ecclesiastical council of the state. Some priests were arrested for siding with the archbishop, others were suspended ec- clesiastically for obeying the government. The arch- bishop excommunicated the members of the Catholic supreme ecclesiastical council, and was himself arrest- ed in 1854. The Legislature unwaveringly supported the government, which, however, showed itself anxious to conclude a compromise with the archbishop. Ne- gotiations with Rome concerning a convention (con- cordat) were eagerly pursued in 1855, but Avere not concluded before 1859. The convention with Rome created a great deal of dissatisfaction among the peo- ple ; the Chambers in 1860 decidedly refused to ratify it, and it was at length abandoned by the government also. . See Concordat.
II. Ecclesiastical Statistics. — The number of Roman Catholics was, in 1864, 933,476; of members of the Evangelical Church, 472,258 ; of Mennonites and other dissidents, 2554 ; of Israelites, 25,263. The Evangeli- cal Church is divided into 28 dioceses (deaneries) and 330 parishes. All the pastors of a diocese, with half the number of lay deputies of the local church coun- cils, meet ever}- third year in a synod. In the year after the meeting of a synod, all the clergymen of a diocese meet under the presidency of the dean for the discussion of moral questions ; and in the third year a school convention is held in a similar manner for discussing the affairs of the primary schools, which in Baden, as in every German state, have a denomina- tional character, and are subject to the control of the clergy. The General Synod meets regularly every seventh year, but may at any time be convoked by order of the grand-duke. Every two dioceses elect a clerical delegate, and every four dioceses a lay dele- gate. The grand-duke adds to this number of dele- gates two clerical and two lay members of the supreme ecclesiastical council, one professor of the theological faculty of Heidelberg, and a commissary Avho pre- sides. A theological faculty is connected with the University of Heidelberg: it has counted among its members some of the most distinguished theologians of Germany, such as Rothe, Schenkel, Umbreit, and Ullmann. The two latter are known in the literary world as the founders of the best German theological quarterly, the Studien and Kritihen. Connected with the theological faculty is also an evangelical Preach- ers' Seminary, at which every native candidate for the ministry must spend one year. For the training of teachers there is a Protestant Normal School. The Roman Catholic Church, under the Archbishop of Frei- burg, has 35 deaneries, with 747 parishes, 2 normal schools, and a theological faculty connected with the University of Freiburg. The liberal school among the Roman clergy is dying out. A theological quarterly was for some years published by the theological fac- ulty of Freiburg, but is discontinued. The most cel- ebrated Roman theologians in the present century have been Hug and Hirscher; a Romanist wrriter of great influence among the people is Alban Stolz. Some convents of nuns have been established since 1848. The Lutheran seceders from the State Church (old Lutheran Church) had, in 1859, three parishes with about 900 members. The principal work on the his- tory of Protestantism in Baden is Vierordt, Geschichte der Evang< lischm Kirche in Baden. See also Wiggers, Kirchl. Statist!/.-, ii, 203, 207 ; Schem, Eccles. Year-book for 1859, p. 115 sq., and p. 203.
Bader, Johannes, one of the German reformers
BADGER 6
of the 10th century, was born about 1490. He was the tutor of Duke Ludwig II of Zweibrucken, and sub- sequently (after 1518) pastor of Landau, a town in the I', ivarian Palatinate. He adhered to the Reformation in 1521, and worked for its introduction into Landau with such zeal and success, that at the time of his death only a few canons and monks of the Augus- tine convent remained in connection with the Roman Catholic Church, Bader was one of the first reform- er- who published an outline of the doctrines held by the reformed churches (E'm Gesprach-Buchlein vom Anfange d,s christlichen Lebens, Strasburg, 1526) sev- eral years before the appearance of Luther's cate- chisms. In 1527 he wrote a pamphlet against the Anabaptists, and especially against the learned Denck. His views on the Lord's Supper were nearly the same as those of Zuinglius and Biicer, and a tabular sum- mary of them [S'liiiiiitiriiiii) und Rechenschaft vom Oil unseres //■mi J. <_'.') was printed in 1533 at Sflfasbnrg on one side of a folio sheet. He was, in general, like his friend Bucer, for a reconciliation of the reformatory parties. In later years Bader was on friendly terms with Schwenkfeld, who visited him at Landau, and most of his friends at Strasburg and Zweibrucken were on this account greatly displeased with him. Bader died in August, 1545. — Herzog, /: al-Encyklopadie, supplem. i, 1G0.
Badger is the interpretation in the Auth. Vers, of t!i" word "l'~n, lack' ask (Ezek. xvi, 10; Sept. Cipria- ni vciKivQiva ; Aid. ed. iavdiva ; Compl. vc'ivBiva, al. imrvpiDixtva in Exod. xxv, 5 ; Alex, cipjiara ciyia in Exod. xxxv, 7; viikivOoc, Aq. and Sym. iavdiva in Ezek. xvi, 10; Vulg. pelles ianthinie, ianthinus) • but many doubt its correctness, since the badger is not found in Southern Asia, and has not as yet been no- ticed out of Europe. The word occurs in the plural firm in Exod. xxv, 5; xxvi, 14; xxxv, 7, 23; xxxvi, 19; xxxix, 34; Nam. iv, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 25 ; and, in connection with tV\3, oroth', "skins," is used to d snote the covering of the Tabernacle, of the Ark of the ( lovenant, and of other sacred vessels. In Ezek. xvi, 10, it indicates the material of which the shoes of Women wen- made. Possibly the Latin taxus or taxo,