Barber (-.22, gallab'). "Son of man, take thee a sharp knife, take thee a barler's razor, and cause it to pass upon thine head and upon thy beard" (Ezek. v, 1). Shaving the head was custcmai}' among the Jews as an act of mourning. See Grief. Sometimes, for the same reason, the hair of the beard was also shaven, or plucked off, as was done by Ezra on his arrival at Jerusalem on rinding that the Hebrews had intermixed with the nations around them, and plunged into all their idolatries (Ezra ix, 3). See Hair. The opera- tion of shaving the head was probably performed much in the same manner as is now usual in the East. 'I he operdor rubs the head gently and comfortably with
Modern Egyptian Barber.
BARBER
660
BARCLAY
his hand moistened with water. This he does for a j considerable time ; and he afterward applies the razor (q. v.), shaving from the top of the head downward.
Barber, John, an English civilian of All Souls', Oxford, who graduated D.C.L. in 1532. He was pat- ronized l>y Archbishop Craumer, and assisted in the preparation of the well-known king's book, the X> 0- essary Doctrine of a Christian Man. Barber died at Wrotham about the beginning of 1549. — New Gen. B'wg. Diet, iii, 143 ; Landon, Eccl. Diet. s. v.
Barbets, a name given to the Vaudois of the mountains of Piedmont from the fact of their minis- ters being styled Barbes, or elders. See Vaudois.
Barburim. See Fowl,
Barcelona, one of the chief cities of Spain, and .see of a Roman Catholic archbishop. Councils were held there in 540, 599, 90G, 1054, and 1068. They passed canons respecting church discipline and church property, and the last, in particular, proposed the sub- stitution of the Roman for the Gothic rite.
Bar-cepha, Moses a Jacobite bishop and author, who early in life entered the convent of Sergius, on the Tigris. He was afterward raised to the episcopal order under the name of Severus, and is sometimes called bishop of Beth-Ceno, sometimes of Bethraman. He is said to have died in 913. He composed a "Com- mentary on Paradise" in Syriac, which was trans- lated into Latin by And. Masius, and printed at Ant- werp in 15G9, 8vo (also in Bibliotheca I'atrum and in Critic. S.tai). This work is divided into three parts. Part I inquires whether there was both a terrestrial and a spiritual paradise, and concludes that there was but one. Part II gives the mystic signification of all the passages of Holy Scripture relating to the terres- trial paradise. Part III answers the objection of her- etics, e. g. that of Simon Magus, who accused the Al- mighty of the want of power to preserve Adam from the full'— Clarke, Sacred Literature, ii, 555.
Barckhausen, Conrad Heixricii, a German theologian of the 18th century. He was professor, and later rector of one of the Berlin colleges. He had with his colleague Volckmann an animated controversj' on the subject of divine grace, Volckmann advocating universal grace, and Barckhausen maintaining particu- larism. The title of the work of Barckhausen, which he published under the name of Pacificus Verinus, is Arnica Collatio doctrine de gratia quam vera reformata confitetur ecclesia, cum doctrina quam. Volckmannvs pub- lici juris fecit (Furth, 1714). The controversy was joined iu by several other theologians on both sides ; and Barckhausen himself is said to be the author of another work on the subject, published in the German language (Abgenothigfe Ehr- und Lehr-Petiung der Re- formirtcn Ktrchen [1714]). In 1719, a royal edict of King Friedrich Wilhelm f. imposed silence upon both parties. — Herzog, Siqip'em. i, 167.
Barclay, Barklay, or De Barklay, Alexan- der, a poet and prose writer, born toward the end of ! the 15th century, but whether English or Scotch by birth is uncertain. He was certainly at Oriel ( !ollegc, Oxford, about 1495, and, after finishing his studies, he ' travelled in Holland, Germany, Italy, and France, and . studied the languages and literature ofthose countries. Returning to England, he became one of the priests or I prebendaries of the college of St. Mary Ottery, Devon- shire, and was afterward a monk of the Benedictine monastery of Ely, where ho continued till the suppres- sion of the monastery in 1539. In 1546 he obtained the vicarage of Great Badow and that of Wokey. On 30th April, 1552, he was presented to the rectory of Allhallows, but died in June of that year at Croydon. His character as a priest is dubious, but of his merit as a writer there is no dispute, if there were no other proof of it than his famous Ship of Fooh, partly a translation and partly an imitation from the German
of Sebastian Brandt, the old title being The Shyp of Folys of the Worlde (London, 1509). — New Gen. Bug. Diet, ii, 47 ; Allibone, Dictionary of Authors, i, 116.
Barclay, Henry, D.D., was born in 1714, and graduted at Yale in 1734, serving for some years as missionary among the Mohawks. He went to England in 1737 to be ordained, and on his return assumed the charge of the Protestant Episcopal Church at Albany In 1746 he became rector of Trinity Church, New York, where he remained till his death in 1764. He was made D.U. by the University of Oxford in 1760. Dr. Barclay was zealous and indefatigable, his disposi- tion engaging, and his life most exemplary.— Sprague, Annals, v, 91.