| tie of Paul to the Galatians is a proof to what danger Gentile Christians were exposed in the first ages from the attempts of Judaizing teachers ; so that, in the ab- sence of more exact information, the supposition that the persons addressed were of this class is at least not inconsistent with the train of thought in the epistle.
, But more than this: throughout the epistle we find a distinction maintained between the writer and his friends on the one hand, and the Jews on tl c other. Thus, in chap, iii, 'God speaketh to them (the Jews) concerning these things, "Ye shall not fast as ye do this day," etc. ; but to us he saith, " Is not this the fast that I have chosen ?" ' etc. ; and at the end of the same chapter, ' He hath shown these things to all of us, that we should not run as proselytes to the Jewish law.' This would be singular language to address to persons who were Jews by birth, but perfectl}- suited to Gen- tile converts. In chap, xiii he says, ' Let us inquire whether the covenant be with us or with them' (tin: Jews); and concludes with quoting the promise to Abraham (with a slight verbal difference), ' Behold, I have made thee a father of the nations which vilhout
! circumcision believe in the Lord' — a passage which is totally irrelevant to Jewish Christians. For other
' similar passages, sec Jones On the Canon, pt. iii, chap.
i xxxix" (Kitto, Cyclopaedia, s. v.). Dr. Schaff remarks of the epistle, as a whole, that "it has many go< d ideas and valuable testimonies, such as that in favor of the observance of the Christian Sabbath. But it goes to extremes in opposition to Judaism, and in- dulges in all sorts of artificial, sometimes absurd, al- legorical fancies. . . . It is an unsound application of the true thought, that the old is passed away, ami that all is made new by ( 'lirist. Compare especially ch. iv"
I (Schaff, History of the Christian Church, § 121). Be-
sides the works cited in the course of this article, sec
Zeitschrift f. d. histor. Theologie, 1800, p. 32 ; Donald- 1 son, Christian Lit. i, 201 sq. ; Neander, Church History, l, 381 ; Henke, Be epistohc qua: Barnabo', tribuitur au- theniia (Jen. 1827) ; Rordam, De authentia ep. Barnabas (Havn. 182s) (both argue for the genuineness of the epistle); Heberle. in the Stud. d. ururt. Geistl. 1846, i ; LTlmann, in the Stud. u. Krit. 1828, p. 2 (opposes the genuineness) ; Schenkel, ib. 1837 (contends that ch. vii
BARNABAS 6-
-xvii are interpolations) ; Hug, in the Zeitschrift </. Erzbisth. Freiburg, p. 2; Lardner, Works, ii, p. 2.
BARNABAS, GOSPEL OF. A spurious gospel, attributed to Barnabas, exists in Arabic, r.nd has been translated into Italian, Spanish, and English. It was probably forged by feme heretical Christians, and has since been interpolated I y the Mohammedans, in order to support the pretensions of their proj het. Dr. "White has given copious extracts from it in his Eampton Lec- tures, 1784; Sermon viii, p. 358, and Notes, p. 41- G9. See also Sale's Koran, Prelim. Dissert, sect. 4. It is placed among the tpocTyphal bocks in the Sticho- metry prefixed by Cotelerius to his edition of the Apostolical Constitutions (Lardner's Credibility, part ii, ch. cxlvii). It was condemned by Pope Gelasius I (Tillemont, Memoires, etc., i, p. 1055).— Kitto, s. v. See Gospi t.s. Srnuors.
Barnabites, a congregation of regular clerks in the Roman Catholic Church, founded in 1532 by three priests— Zaccharia of Cremona, Ferrari and Morigia of Milan. From their first church, St. Paul's in Milan, they were originally called the Regular Clerks of St. Paul (Paulines), which name they exchanged for Bar- nabites when, in 1545, they were presented with the church of St. Barnabas in Milan. A new rule for the congregation was drawn up by the General Chapter in 1579, aj proved by Charles Borromco, the protector of the order, and ratified by the pope. In addition to the three monastic vows, they take a fourth, never to exert themselves for an office within the con. regation or without, and never to accept a dignity out of the congregation except by a special permission of the pope. Their houses arc called colleges. The supe- rior is chosen every third year by a General Chapter. The lay brothers have to pass through a novitiate of five years. The extension has been limited to Italy, Austria. France, and Spain. In the two latter countries they were destroyed 1 y the Revolution, but they re-en- tered France, full of h< pe, in 1857. The most cele- bral '1 member of the ordi r in modern times was ( !ar- dinal Lambruschini. The /irder has also, in late ye ir . been entered by several Rus- sians of the highest fami- lies who had left the Greek Church for that of Homo, o. g. by Count Schuwaloflf. 'I bej bad, in 1860,22 houses Kress ofthe Barnabites. in Italy, .! in Austria, and 1 in France. See Helyot, Ordres ReUffieux, i, 372.
Barnard, John, a Congregational minister, was
born in Boston Sfov.6, 1681, and educated at Harvard,
where he graduated in 1 7< 0. In 17117 he was appointed