j 1723), with corrections and notes. He also had a large share in the edition of Moreri's Dietionnaire Jlistorique, published in 1725. He died in 1738. He was a mem-
of the order, requiring a portion of each day to be given to the study and discussion of points in church history, antiquities, and biography, gave the bent to Baronius's pursuits for life. Clement VIII made him his confess- or, and created him cardinal, by the title of SS. Mar- tyrum Nerei and Achillei, 5th June, 1596. Soon af- ter he was made librarian of the Vatican Library and member of the Congregation of Rites. On the death of Clement, and again upon the death of Leo XI, he was within a little of being elected pope ; but his own strong opposition, and the opposition of the Span- iards, who could not forgive his De Monarchia Sicilire, in which he opposed the claim of Spain to Sicily, pre- vented it. He died June 30th, 1607. His Annales
Fcclesiastki was undertaken in obedience to the in- , ,
... . „,.,. >T . . . - , t, ber of the "Academv of Inscriptions,
junction of his superior, Philip Jseri, to defend Rome • '
against the Magdeburg Centuries (q. v.) For thirty j Barrel (12, lead [koSoq, cadus~], a pitcher or pail), j'ears he labored at this immense work, and in 1586, in a vessel used for the keeping of flour (1 Kings xvii, 12, order, as it were, to try his strength, he put forth the I 14, 16; xviii, 33). The same word is in other places Notes on the Roman Martyrology. This was shortly rendered " pitcher," as the same vessel appears to have after (in 1588) followed by the first volume of the An- ! been also used for carrying water (Gen. xxiv, 14 ; U u
BARREN 674
Judg. vii, lf> ; Ecel. xii, 6). It was borne on the shoulders as is tin- custom in the East in the present day. See Pitcher.
Barren (when spoken of persons, properly "ij??, al i/-'. artiooe)- Barrenness is, in the East, the hard- est lot that can befall a woman, and was considered among the [sraelites as the heaviest punishment with which the Lord could visit a female (Gen. xvi, 2; xxx, 1 23; 1 Sam. i, 6, 29; Isa. xlvii, 9; xlix, 21; Luke i, 25; Niebubx, p. 76; Volney, ii, 359; Lane's Egyptians, i, 74). In the Talmud (Yeramoth, vi, 6) a man was bound, after ten years of childless conjugal life, to marry another woman (with or without repu- diation of the first), and even a third one it* the second proved also barren. Nor is it improbable that Moses himsi If contributed to strengthen the opinion of dis- grace by the promises of the Lord of exemption from barrenness as a blessing (Exod. xxiii, 26; Deut. vii, 14). Instances of childless wives are found in Gen. xi, 3!); xxv, 21 ; xxix, .".1 ; Judg. xiii, 2, 3; Luke i, 7, 36. Some cases of unlawful marriages, and more especially with a brother's wife, were visited with the punishment of barrenness (Lev. xx, 20, 21); Mi- chaelis, however {Mosalsches Recht, v, 290), takes the word ----" ,/ stUute, ■•childless") herein a figurative sense, implying that the children born in such an il- licit marriage should not be ascribed to the real father, but to the former brother, thus depriving the second husband of the share of patrimonial inheritance which would otherwise have fallen to his lot if the first broth- er had died childless. The reproach attached to steril- ity, especially by the Hebrews, ma)' perhaps be ac- counted for by the constant expectation of the Messiah, and the hope that every woman cherished that she might be the mother of the promised Seed. This con- stant hope seems to account for man}' circumstances in the Old Testament history which might otherwise ap- pear extraordinary or exceptionable (Gen.iii, 15 ; xxi, 6,7; xxv, 21-23;" xxvii, 13; xxviii, 14; xxxviii, 11- 18; Deut. xxv, 9). This general notion of the dis- grace of barrenness in a woman may earl)' have given rise, in the patriarchal age, to the custom among bar- ren wives of introducing to their husbands their maid- servants, and of regarding the children born in that concubinage as their own. by which they thought to cover their own disgrace of barrenness (Gen. xvi, 2; xxx, 3). — Kitto, s. v. See Child.
Barri, Giualdus de. See Giu.yldus Camerex-
SIS.
Barrington (John Shute), Viscouxt, was born 1678, educated at Utrecht, created Viscount Barrington 1720, and died 1734. He was a friend and disciple of Locke, and greatly devoted to theological pursuits. In the year 1725 he published, in two volumes octavo, his Mi a Han* a Sacra, or a New Method of considering so much of the History of the Apostles as is contained in Scripture, with four Critical Essays : 1. On the Wit- ness of the Holy Spirit; 2. On the distinction between the Apostles, Elders, and Brethren; 3. On the Time when I 'aid and Barnabas became Apostles ; 4. On the Apostolical Decrees. In this work the author traces the methods take,, by the apostles and first preachers of the Gospel for propagating Christianity, and ex- plains, «,tl, rr,.at ,listinetness, the several gifts of the Spirit by which they Were enabled to discharge that office. ,\ new edition of hi. Theological Work, was published m London in 1828 (3 vols. 8vo).— Jones <- p. 27; Allibone, Did. of Authors, s. v.