Bar'tacus (Bapraeoe ; "Vulg. Bczax), the father of Apame, the concubine of King Darius (1 Esdr. iv, 29, where he is called "the admirable" [o Bav/iaaro^, probably an official title belonging to his rank). The Syriac version has Artak, a name which recalls that of Artachoeas ('Ap7-«Yo<>/<), who is named by Herodo- tus (vii, 22, 117) as being in a high position in the Per- sian army under Xerxes, and a special favorite of that kin-j; (Simonis, Onom.; Smith's Bid. of Class. Biog. i, 369). See Apame.
Bartas, Du. See Du Bartas.
Earth, Christian Gotti.ob, D.D., an eminent German divine and philanthropist, was born at Stutt- gardt, Juh7 31, 1799, obtained his academical education at the Gymnasium there, and from 1817 to 1821 studied theology at Tubingen. He early manifested strong religious feelings, and during all his life kept him- self free from the prevailing rationalism. In 1824 he became pastor at Mottlingen, Wurtemberg, and in 1838 retired to Calw, in order to devote himself to the missionary cause, and to the production of books of practical religion, to which objects he had already given much of his attention. He had, with the flour- ishing missionary institute at Basle, formed the first (Calwer) missionary society in Wurtemberg, published a periodical, " The Calwer Mission Sheet," and was the means of exciting a wide-spread interest in the cause of missions.
From this period his life became still more, active. The interests of the mission led him to travel far and near, sometimes to England, to France, and to the in- terior of Switzerland ; and he was brought into friend- ly relationship with the courts of Wurtemberg, Baden, Bavaria, Austria, Russia, England, Prussia, etc. His house became a sojourn for persons from all parts of the world. He founded a conference of evangelical pastors and a training-school for poor children. Among his multitudinous publications of practical reading, both for adults and children, are Kindcrbliltter (Calw, 1836); Christ. Kinderschrif 'ten (Stuttg. 4 vols.); Christ Gedichte (Stutt. 1836); Kirchengeschichte fur Schuhn und Familial (Calw, 1835) ; Bihlische Geschichte fur Schulen und Familien. The sale of these books has been unparalleled. Of the Bible History and Bible Stories more than a million copies have been pub- lfehed in ten or twelve languages of the Christian and heathen world. He was also a ready versifier, and wrote many hymns and short poems for children ; and several of bis hymns, especially those on Missions, have found their way into the later German collections of hymns. In 1838, the University of Tubingen confer- red upon him the decree of Doctor of Theology. His health was feeble during his later years, but he contin- ued to work up to the last day, and was only induced to lie down about half an hour before his death, Nov. 12, 18G2. — Pierer, Universal-Lexiccn, s. v. ; Herzog, Real-Encyklop. Supp. i, p. 1G8.
Barthel, Johann Caspar, a German canonist, born in 1697 at Kitzingen. He studied at Wurzburg with the Jesuits, and subsequently at Pome under Car- dinal Lambertini, afterward Benedict XIV. In 1727 he was made professor of canon law in the University of Wurzburg, of which he afterward became vice-chan- cellor. To intense hatred of Protestantism Barthel .united a steadfast resistance to all papal claims unau- thorized by law. He died in 1771, having greatly im- proved the teaching of the canon law, which before his time consisted simply in repeating the decretals and comments of the court of Pome. Barthel followed zealously in the path of De Marca, Thomassin, Fleury, and other great theologians of France, and reduced the canon law to a form suited to the wants and peculiar circumstances of Germany. The following are his chief works: 1. Historia Pacificaiionum Imperii circa Religionum consistent (Wurzburg, 1736, 4to) : — 2. De Jure Reformandi antiquo et novo (Ibid. 1744, 4to) : — 3. De restituta canonlcarum in Gcrmanid electionum poli- tid (Ibid. 1749) : — Tractatus de to quod circa liberta- tem exercitii religionis ex lege d'vina et ex lege imperii justum est (Ibid. 17G4, 4to). — Landon, Eccl. Diet, ii, 47; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, iv, 645.
Barthol'omew (BapOoXopcuog, for Chald. 13 h,?5Fi, i. e. son of Tolmai; the latter being a name that occurs in Josh, xv, 14, Sept. QoXafii and QoX/iai ; Auth. Vers. Tolmai ; 2 Sam. xiii, 37, Sept. GoA/u and QoXofiai. In Josephus we find OoXo/jcuoo, Ant. xx, 1, 1. The OoXficuor in Ant. xiv, 8, 1, is called nro\- f/<«ioe in War, i, 9, 3, not improbably by an error of the transcriber, as another person of the latter name is mentioned in the same sentence), one of the twelve apostles of Christ (Matt, x, 3 ; Mark iii, 18 ; Luke vi, 14; Acts i, 13), generally supposed to have been the same individual who in John's Gospel is called Na- tiianael (q. v.). The reason of this opinion is that in the first three gospels Philip and Bartholomew are constantly named together, while Nathanael is no- where mentioned ; on the contrary, in the fourth gos- pel the names of Philip and Nathanael are similarly combined, but nothing is said of Bartholomew (see As- semanni, Biblioth. Or. Ill, i, 306 ; ii, 4 sq. ; Nahr, De Nathan, a Earth/lorn, non dicerso, Lips. 1740). Na- thanael, therefore, must be considered as his real name, while Bartholomew merely expresses his filial relation (see Lightfoot, Hor. Hebr. p. 325). If so, he was a na- tive of Cana in Galilee (John xxi, 2). Bernard and Abbot Rupert were of opinion that he was the bride- groom at the marriage of Cana. (For traditions re- specting his parentage, see Cotelerius, Pair. Apost. 372). He was introduced by Philip to Jesus, who, «n seeing him approach, at once pronounced that eulogy on his character which has made his name almost sy- nonymous with sincerity, " Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom there is no guile" (John i, 47). A.D. 26. He was one of the disciples to whom our Lord appeared after his resurrection, at the Sea of Tiberias (John xxi; 2) ; he was also a witness of the ascension, and return- ed with the other apostles to Jerusalem (Acts i, 4, 12, 13). A.D. 29. On his character, see Niemeyer, Charakt. i, 111 sq. See Apostle.