do fthe 18th century Maximilian" Joseph II and
his minister Montgelas introduced religious toleration and suppressed a large number of convents. At this tini" Bavaria received a number of possessions which, from the beginning of the Reformation, had been wholly or prominently Protestant. Among these were the margraviates of Anspach and Baireutb, and the free cities of Nurnberg, Nordlingen, Augsburg, and others. 'Hie constitution of 1818 gave to the Protes-
[ual rights with the Roman Catholics. The year bet,, re tin- king bad concluded a concordat with the pope, by which tin- Roman Catholic Church was
into 2 archbishoprics and 6 bishoprics. See
DAT. I fader the reign of Louis I (1825-1849) the ultramontane party made many attempts to cur- tail ih- constitutional rights of Protestants, and were partly successful under the ministry of Abel (1837 to 184; ). 'lie- Protestants complained especially of a de- cree by which all Boldiers, without distinction of re- ligion, were ordered to kneel before the Host. Their remonstrances against this decree were repeatedly sup- ported by the Chamber of Representatives, hut rejected by the Dpper Chamber (Reichsrath). In 1848 the eon- waa ended by a compromise, a military salu- tation of the Host being substituted tor kneeling. The
ultramontane party lost the favor of the king when the ministry resisted the demand for conferring the rank of nobility upon Lola Montez, and nine of the professors of Munich, who were regarded as leaders of the party (Dollinger, Philips, Hofler, Lassaulx, etc.), were removed. The successor of Louis, Maximilian II (1849-1864), never favored the schemes of the ul- tramontane part}'. In 185G a great excitement sprang up in the Lutheran Church in consequence of several decrees of the supreme consistory concerning changes in the liturgy, mode of confession, catechism, hymn- books, etc., in which a large number of the laity fear- ed Romanizing tendencies, and the supreme consistory had to allay the excitement by concessions and com- promises. Against the German Catholic and Free congregations the government was for many years very severe. At the beginning of the movement the government instructed the police to treat it as high treason. Some rights were granted to them in 1848 and 1849, but revolved in 1851. In the Palatinate a union between the Lutheran and Reformed Church was introduced in 1818. Then Rationalism prevailed among the clergy ; subsequently the evangelical party gained the ascendency, and introduced orthodox books (catechism, hymn-book, etc.) instead of the former ra- tionalistic ones. In 1860 the government, removed,
| however, the orthodox heads of the Church (among whom was the celebrated theologian, Dr. Ebrard), and the Church of the Palatinate came again under the in-
1 fluence of the Liberal (Rationalistic) party. At the General Synod held in 1863 the Liberals had a five-
i sixths majority, and a revised Church Constitution proposed by them was adopted by all save six votes.
! At the annual meeting of the Liberal " Protestant As- sociation'' (Protestantigcher Yerein), it was reported that the association counted 18 000 members.
II. Ecclesiastical Statistics. — The Roman Catholic Church has 2 archbishoprics (Munich and Bamberg) and 6 bishoprics ( Passau, Augsburg, Regensburg, Wurzburg, Eichstiidt, and Spires). The diocesan chapters consist of 1 provost, 1 dean, and 8 or 10 can- ons. The king nominates all the archbishops, bish- ops, and deans ; the pope appoints the provosts. Con- vents are very numerous : there were, in 1856, 63 con- vents of monks with 951 members 40 convents of nuns with 882 persons, besides 45 houses of sisters of mercy,
1 and 05 houses of poor school-sisters. The Jesuits have
; not been admitted. Theological faculties are connect-
' ed with the universities of Munich and Wurzburg, and every diocese has a theological seminary. Many of the state colleges are under the management of relig- ious orders, especially of the Benedictines. There is still among the clergy a school which is strongty op- posed to ultramontanism, and has friendly dispositions for all evangelical Protestants (see Sailer), but it is decreasing in number and influence. But, though less conciliatory toward Protestants, the Roman Catholic scholars continued to be too liberal for Rome. When, in 1863, Dr. Dollinger and Dr Haneberg called a meet- ing of Roman Catholic scholars of Germany, their con- duct was censured by the pope on the ground that such meetings should only be called by the bishops. Two other members of the same faculty, Dr. Froh- sehammer, a writer on philosophical subjects, and Dr. Pichler, the author of the best Roman Catholic work on the history of the Eastern Church, had their works put on the Index. Dr Frohschammer refused to sub- mit, and openly defied the authority of the Congre- gation of the Index. The two archbishops and one bishop are members of the Upper Chamber (Reichs- rath). and the lower clergy elects eleven members of the Chamber of Deputies. Romanist newspapers and journals are not very numerous, yet among them is one of the most important periodicals of the Roman Catholic < liunh, the lUstorisch-rolitische Blatter, found- ed by Gorres and Philips. Among the Roman Cath- olic theologians and scholars of Bavaria in the nine-
BAXTER
teenth century, Dollinger, Haneberg, Franz von Baa- der (q. v.), and Gorres (q. v.), are best known. The Roman Catholics form about two thirds of the total population, numbering about 3,300,000 souls, while the number of Protestants amounts to about 1,320,000.