Bellegarde, Octave de, a French prelate, was born in 1585, and nominated to the archbishopric of Sens in 1623. He maintained with firmness the im- munities of the French clergy at the Assembly of Mantes in 1640, and was exiled by the offended court. In 1639 he subscribed the condemnation of the two works entitled Trails des Droits et Liberies de VEglise Gallicane, and Preures of the same rights and liberties. He approved and defended the sentiments of Arnauld expressed in bis book De lei frequente Commiin'on. He wrote St. Avgustinus per se ipsum docens Catholicos et rincens Pelagietnos, and died in 1646. — Hoefer, Bieg. Generale, v, 239.
Bellermann, Johann Joachim, a German theo- logian, was born at Erfurt on Sept. 23, 1754. After finishing his studies at the University of Gottingen, he accepted in 1778 a position as a private tutor in Russia. On his return in 1782 he became professor of theology in the University of Erfurt. After the suppression of this university he was called to Berlin as director of one of the colleges ("gymnasia"), and was at the same time appointed extraordinary profess- or at the L'niversity and consistorial councillor. He died Oct. 25, 1824. He is the author of numerous philological and theological works. The most impor- tant of the latter are Handbuch der biblisehen Literatur (Erfurt. 4 vols. 1787) ; I 'ersueh eint r Metrik der Ilebraeer (Berlin, 1813) , Nachrichten <tu.< dem Alter/hume iiber Essaeer und Therapeuten (Berlin, 1821); Urim und Thummim, die dltesten Gemmen (Berlin, 1824), Ueber die Gemmen der Alien mit elan Abra.rasbileh (3 pam- phlets, Berlin, 1817-'19). — Brockhaus, Conrerscdionslex- icon, s. v. ; Hoefer, Biographie Generale, v, 251.
Belle-vue, Armani* de, a Dominican, who took his doctor's degree in theology about. 1325, and was made master of the Sacred Palace in 1327. He died in 1334, and left ninety-eight Conferences on the Psalms (Paris, 1519; Lyons, 1525; Brixen, 1010), with the ti- tle, " Sermones plane Divini." Also a collection of Prayers, mid Mia Italians em the Life of our Lord (May- ence, 1503). — Landon, Eccl. Diet. s. v.
Bellows (ns"2, mappu'ach, blower; Sept. r/>?.wj- ri]o) only occurs in Jer. yi, 29, and with reference to the casting of metal. As fires in the East are always of wood or charcoal, a sufficient heat for ordinary pur- poses is soon raised by the help of fans, and the use of bellows is confined to the workers in metal. Such
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was the case anciently; and in the mural paintings of Egypt we observe no bellows but such as are used for the forge or furnace. They occur as early as the time of Moses, being represented in a tomb at Thebes which bears the name of Thothmes III. They consisted of a leathern bag secured and fitted into a frame, from which a long pipe extended for carrying the wind to the fire. They were worked by the feet, the operator standing upon them, with one under each foot, and pressing them alternately, while he pulled up each ex- hausted skin with a string he held in his hand. In one instance, it is observed from the painting that when the man left the bellows they were raised as if tilled with air, and this would imply a knowledge of the valve. The earliest specimens seem to have been simply of reed, tipped with a metal point to resist the action of the fire (Wilkinson's Anc. Egyptians, iii, 338).
k I m
Two Forms of ancient Egyptian Bellows, cr, &, ifc, the leather case; r, I, the pipes conveying the wind to the fire; rf, m, the fire; A, g, charcoal ; k is raised as if full of air ; ?, p, r, crucibles.
Bellows of an analogous kind were early known to the Greeks and Romans. Homer (//. xviii, 470) speaks of 20 (puaai in the forge of Hepha>stus, and they are mentioned frequently by ancient authors (Smith's Diet, of Class. Ant. s. v. Follis). The ordinary hand-bellows now used for small fires in Egypt are a sort of bag made of the skin of a kid, with an opening at one end (like the mouth of a common carpet bag), where the skin is sewed upon two pieces of wood ; and these be- ing pulled apart by the hands and closed again, the bag is pressed down, and the air thus forced through the pipe at the other end.
Belloy, Jean Baptiste de, cardinal-archbishop of Paris, was born October 9th, 1709, at Morangles, near Senlis. He entered the Church at an early age, was made archdeacon of Beauvais, and in 1751 became bishop of Glandeves. He was deputed to the Assem- bly of the clergy in 1755, where he sided with the moderate prelates, or Feuillunts, as they were called, from their leader, the Cardinal de la Rochefoucault, who was minister de lafeuille des binificcs. The oppo- site party were called Theatines, from the old bishop of Mirepoix, who belonged to that order. M. Belloy was afterward made bishop of Marseilles, which dio- cese he governed for forty-five years. The revolution drove him into retirement at Chambly, near his native place, where he lived till 1802, when he was made archbishop of Paris, and in the following year he was created cardinal. He died June loth, 1808, and Napo- leon, who permitted his burial in the vault of his pred-