Bondage (some form of the root *!?", abad', to toil, or of "C~±i, bakash', to subjugate; Gr. SovXiia), a state of slavery (Exod. i, 14), servitude in captivity (Ezra ix, 8, 9). See Slavery ; Captivity.
Bondage in Egypt. — The pretended fear of Tha- raoh, lest in the event of war the Hebrews might make common cause with the enemy, was a sufficient pretext with his own people for oppressing the Jews, at the same time that it had the effect of exciting their preju- dices against them. Affecting, therefore, seme alarm at their numbers, he suggested that so numerous a bodj' might avail themselves of the absence of the Egyptian troops, and endanger the tranquillity and safety of the country, and that prudence dictated the necessity of obviating the possibility of such an occur- rence (Exod. i, 10). "With this view they were treated like the captives taken in war, and were forced to un- dergo the gratuitous labor of erecting public granaries and other buildings for the Egyptian monarch (Exod. i, 11). These were principally constructed of crude brick; and that such materials were commonly used in Egypt we have sufficient proof from the walls and other buildings of great size and solidity found in va- rious parts of the country, many of which are of a very earl}' period. The bricks themselves, both at Thebes and in the vicinity of Memphis, frequently bear the names of the monarch a who ruled Egypt during r.nd prior to this epoch. The crude brick remains about Memphis are principally pyramids; those at Thebes consist of walls enclosing sacred monuments and tombs, and some are made with and others without straw. Many have chopped barley and wheat straw, others bean haulm and stubble (Exod. v, 12). In the tombs we find the process of making them represent- ed among the sculptures. But it is not to be sup- posed any of these bricks are the work of the Israel- ites, who were never occupied at Thebes; and though Josephus affirms they were engaged in building pyra- mids, as well as in making canals and embankments, it is very improbable that the crude brick pyramids of
BONE
849
BONIFACE
Memphis, or of the Arsino'ite nome, were the work of the Hebrew captives (Wilkinson, Anc. Egyptians). See Brick.
Bone (prop. dSS, e'tsem; u<rreoi>), the hard parts of animal bodies (Exod. xii, 46). The expression " bone of my bone, and flesh of my flesh" (Gen. ii, 23), "of his flesh, and of his bones" (Ephes. v, 30), may be understood as implying the same nature, and being united in the nearest relation and affection. Iniquities are said to be metaphorically in men's bones when their body is polluted by them (Job xx, 11). The "valley of dry bones" in Ezekiel's vision represents a state of utter helplessness, apart from Divine interpo- sition and aid (Ezek. xxxvii, 1-14). The Psalmist says, "Our bones are scattered at the grave's mouth" (Psalm cxli, 7). This appears to be a strongly figura- tive expression ; hut that it may be strictly true, the following extract from Bruce demonstrates : " At five o'clock we left Garigana, our journey being still to the eastward, and at a quarter past six in the evening ar- rived at the site of a village whose inhabitants had all perished with hunger the year before ; their wretched bones being all unburied, and scattered upon the sur- face of the ground where the village formerly stood. We encamped among the bones of the dead ; no space could be found free from them." The judgment of the Lord is denounced against the King of Moab, " because he burnt the bones of the King of Edom into lime" (Amos ii, 1), or, as the Chaldee paraphrase explains it, "to plaster the walls of his house with it," which was a cruel insult. A piece of barbarity resembling this is mentioned by Sir Paul Rycaut, that the wall of the city of Philadelphia was made by the bones of the besieged by the prince who took it by storm. The passage in Amos vi, 9, 10, Eoberts says, "alludes to the custom of burning human bodies, and to that of gathering up the half calcined bones, and to the putting them into an earthen vessel, and then to the carrying back these fragments to the house, or into some out- building, where they are kept till conveyed to a sacred place. In India this is done by a son or a near rela- tion ; but in case there is not one near akin, then any person who is going to the place (as to the Ganges) can take the fragments of bones, and thus perform the last rites."
Boniface I, elected pope, or rather bishop of Rome, Dec. 30, 418, as successor of Zosimus. Eulalius, elect- ed by another faction, was at first supported by the Emperor Honorius, but Boniface was finally establish- ed in the see, which he held till his death in 422. During his short tenure he used ever)' means to ex- tend the influence of the Roman see. He is commem- orated by the Roman Church as a saint on Oct. 25.
II, a Goth, succeeded Felix IV in October, 530, though it is said that his rival, Dioscorus, was as well entitled to the see as he. The deacon Vigilius was hishop, in fact, from his great influence. Boniface died Nov. 8, 532. He is the first bishop of Rome whose name cfoes not occur in the Roman Martyrologium.