Bolster (niEJX'np, meraashotk', something at the head) occurs Gen. xxviii, 11, 18, where it is rendered "pillows ;" 1 Sam. xix, 13, 16; xxvi, 7, 11, 16, a pillow. These were stuffed with wool or some soft substance (Ezek. xiii, 18, 21) ; the poorer classes, instead of these, made use of skins. The " pillow of goats' hair for his bolster," placed by Michal (1 Sam. xix, 13), seems to convey the impression that in those remote times it was not usual for any but sick persons to use bolsters or pil- lows to support the head when in bed ; and that, accord- ingly, Michal put one stuffed with goats' hair under the head of the Teraphim, to confirm the notion she wished to convey that David lay there sick. She would then cover the head and bolster with a cloth, it being usual in the East for people to cover their heads while in bed. The Septuagint and Josephus make out that it was a goat's liver, the use of which, as explained by the latter (Ant. vi, 11, 4), was, that the liver of a goat had the prop- erty of motion some time after being taken from the an- imal, and therefore gave a motion to the bed-clothes, which was necessary to convey the idea that a living person lay in the bed. The Targum says that it was a goat-skin bottle ; if so, it was most likely inflated with air. It is probable, however, that the term ren- dered "bolster" is merely an adverbial phrase, and should be rendered literally in all cases, as it actually is in 1 Sam. xxvi, 7-10. See Bed.
Bolton, Robert, a Puritan divine, was born in 1572, and died in 1631. He was especially famous as a reliever of afflicted consciences. He professed on his death-bed that he never in his sermons taught any thing but what he had first sought to work on his own heart. He is the author of .1 Discourse on Happiness (Loud. 1611, 4to; 6 editions during the authors life- time) ; hut ructions n lafivt to afflict d Consciences (1631, 4to) ; //< Ips to Humiliation (Oxford, 1031, 8vo) ; On the four last Things (London, 1633, 4to); Devout Prayers (1638, 8vo). — Middleton. Evangelical Biography, iii, 18.
BOMBAY
847
BONAVENTURA
Bombay, the capital of a British presidency in In- dia of the same name, had in 1845 a population of '235,000 souls, of which two thirds were Hindoos, 20,000 Parsees, and the rest Mussulmans, Jews, and Chris- tians. It is the see of a bishop of the Church of Eng- land, whose diocese comprised in 1859 53 clerg}-men, including one archdeacon. It is also the see of a Ro- man Catholic bishop. — Clergy List for 1860 (Lond. 18G0, 8vo). See India.
Bona, John, a distinguished writer, and cardinal of the Romish Church, was born at Mondovi, in Pied- mont, Oct. 10, 1609. Having distinguished himself in his studies, he entered, in 1625, the order of the Fenil- lans, and in 1651 he was made general of his congre- gation. Pope Alexander VI I employed him in many ways, and made him Consultor of the Congregation of the Index, Qualificator of the Holy Office ; and in 1669 (lenient IX made him cardinal. He died at Rome Oct. 27, 1674, after he had made a revision of all his works, the chief of which are — 1. De Divina Psalmodia, ejusque causis, mystcri.'s, tt disciplind, which treats of all matters relating to the holy office (Rome and Paris, 1663, 4to) :■ — 2. Manuductio ad caelum: — 3. Via compendii ad Deum : — 1. Tractates asceticus de discn tione Spiritu- urn : — 5. De Sacrificio Missce : — 6. Horologium asceticum : — 7. De principiis vitiv Christiana; : — 8. De rebus Lilur- fficis, containing all information concerning the rites, prayers, and ceremonies of the mass (Rome, 1671, fol. ; Paris, 1672, 4to); it was afterward revised and aug- mented by a dissertation on the use of fermented bread at the mass. All his works (except his poems and let- ters) have been collected in 3 vols. 8vo. The best edi- tion of his works is that of Sala (Turin, 1747-53, 4 vols. fol.).
Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise, Vicomto de, one of the principal writers of the ultra-papal party in the Roman Church of the nineteenth century, was born in 1760 at Monna. After the outbreak of the French Revolution, he showed himself at first attached to the revolutionary ideas, but soon (1791) became one of their most ardent opponents. He therefore emigrated from France in 1791, but returned under the reign of Napo- leon, who, in 1808, made him councillor at the Univer- sity. After the restoration of the Bourbons, he was for some time the leader of the ultramontane party in the Chamber of Deputies. He was made, in 1823, a peer of France ; in 1830, after the revolution of July, he re- tired from political life, and died at his castle in Mon- na in 1840. Among his works, the following are prized by his adherents as the most important : 1. Theorie du pouvo'r politique ct religieux (Paris, 1796, 3 vols.) : — 2. Legislation primitive (Paris, 1802, 3 vols.) :— 3. Re- cherches p'l'luii/i/ri/rii s stir les premiers objets de cennais- srmces morales (Paris, 1808, 2 vols.).