Calendar of the Frmdi RepubUe. — ^By a decree of the National Convention, on Nov. 24, 1798, It was ordained that a new era should date from the beginning of the Republic, Sept. 22, 1792; the midnight preceding which, being the autumnal equinox, was fixed upon as the epoch, from which the years were to be reckoned as Tear One, Tear Two, etc The year was divided into 12 months, each of 30 days, to which new names were given, as Vendhniaire (vintage month), Brumaire (fo^gy month), Frimaire (fnst month), etc. The months were divided into periods of 10 days, called Prinddl, Duodi, Tridi, etc. The tenth day was to be the day of rest, the Christian Sabbath being done away. Five intercalary days were added for each year, viz. the festivals of (rfimis. Labor, Action, i2o- vxtrd, Opinion. In every fifth year there was to be an intercalary festival of The RevohOion, This calen- dar went into use Nov. 26, 1798, and was abolished in 1805 by Napoleon, who ordered the Gregorian Calen- dar to be resumed on Jan. 1, 1806.— Carlyle, French Revolution, ii, 886 ; Penny CydopcBdia, s. v. ; Cham- bers^s Encyclopcedia, s. v. See Chronology.
CALENDAR, Ecclbsiastical.— I. A table of the order and series of days, weeks, months, and holy days in the year (so called from the C4denda, or first day of the Roman month). The oldest extant calendar con- taining the Christian festivals is that of SUvius (A.D. 448), published in the Acta Sonet, June (vii, 176), There is a fragment of a Gothic calendar, supposed to be of the 4th century, covering the latter part of Qo tober and the whole of November, which gives seven days with saints' names. It may be found hi Mai, Scriptor, Veter. nova coUectio, v, 1. See Fbasts and Fasts.
IL The Fatti, or catalogues in which difi^rent churches preserved tbe names of those saints whom they especially honored, as their bbhops, martyrs, etc., to which they added the names of some other saints, but generally those of the neighboring church^ ee. The calendars diffsred from the martytologies in this, that the former contained but few names of saints unconnected with the particular church; the latter contained all the saints honored by the whole Church. The most ancient known calendar is that of the Roman Church, which, acoordmg to Baillet, was formed about the middle of the fourth century, under Pope Liberius, or, according to Chatelafai, in 886, un- der Pope Julius (Antwerp, 1684, ed. Boncher). See Landon, EccL Diet, ii, 486. The most c(^ions work on tbe subject is Assemani, Kaiendaria Ecclenm Univmta (Rom. 1755, 6 vols. 4to). Tbe present Saints* Calen- dar of the Romish Church is very copious: it may be fonnd, more or less complete, in the Roman almanacs from 3rear to year.
The German Lutheran Church retafaied the Roman- ist Calendar (with the saints* days of that age) at the Reformation. Professor Piper constructed in 1850 an Evangelical Calendar for the use of the Evangelical Church of Germany, which is issued annually, frill of biographical and other matter of interest, along with the calendar of feasts, fests, etc. See Piper, Die Ver* beeterung d, Evang. KaUnden (Berlin, 1850).
The calendar of the Church of En^and, as it stands
CALENDAR
26
CALF
in the large editions of the Prayer4x>ok, oonsiats of nine oolonms : the first contains tlie golden number or cycle of the moon ; the second shows the days of the month in their numerical order ; the third contains the Dominical or Sunday letter; the fourth the calends, nones, and ides (this was the Roman method of com- putation, and was used by the early Christians) ; the fifth contains the holy days of the Church, as also some festivals of the Romish Church, set down for public convenience rather than for re^^ence ; and the remaining four contain the portions ^Bcripture and of the Apocrypha appointed for the dal^lessons.
The list of saints' days and festivals includes a num- ber of the Romish holidays, properly so called, viz. : Lu- dan, priest and martjr, Jan. 8 ; Hilary, bishop and con- fessor, Jan. 18 ; Prisca, virgin and martyr, Jan. 18 ; Fabian, bishop and martyr, Jan. 20 ; Agnes, virgin and martyr, Jan. 21 ; Vincent, deacon and martyr, Jan. 22 ; Blasius, bishop and martyr, Feb. 8 ; Agatha, vir- gin and martyr, Feb. 6 ; Valentine, bishop and martyr, Feb. 14; David, tutelar saint of Wales, March 1; Cedde or Chad, bishop, Blarch 2 ; Perpetua, martyr, March 7; Gregory, bishop and confessor, Bfarch 12; Patrick, tutelar sahit of Ireland, March 17 ; Edward, king of the West Saxons, March 18 ; Benedict, abbot, March 21; Richard, bishop, April 8; Ambrose, bish- op, April 4 ; Alphege, archbishop, April 19 ; George, saint and martyr, April 23; Cross, invention of. May 8; John, saint, evangelist. May 6; Dunstan, arch- bishop. May 19 ; Augustine, archbishop. May 26 ; Bede, venerable. May 27 ; Nicomede, martjr, June 1 ; Boniface, bishop and martyr, June 5; Alban, saint and martyr, June 17; Edward, translation o^ June 20 ; Mary, Virgin, visitation of; July 2 ; Martin, bish- op and confessor, July 4 ; Swithin, bishop, July 16 ; Margaret, virgin and martyr, July 20; Magdalene, saint Mary, July 22; Anne, saint, July 28; Tiunmas Day, Aug. 1 ; Transfiguration of our Lord, Aug. 6 ; Jesus, name of, Aug. 7; Laurence, archdeacon and martyr, Aug. 10; Augustine, bishop of Hippo, Aug. 28 ; John Baptbt, beheading of, Aug. 29 ; Giles, abbot and confessor, Sept. 1; Enurchus, bishop, Sept. 7; Mary, Virgin, nativity of. Sept 8 ; Holy Cross, recov- ery of, Sept. 14; Lambert, bishop and martyr, Sept. 17 ; Cyprian, archbishop and martyr, Sept. 26 ; Je- rome, priest and confessor, Sept. 80 ; Remigius, bish- op, Oct. 1 ; Faith, virgin and martyr, Oct. 6 ; Denys, bishop and mar^, Oct. 9; Edwsjxl, translation of, Oct. 18 ; Ethelreda, virgin, Oct. 17 ; Crispin, saint and martyr, Oct 25 ; Leonard, confessor, Nov. 6 ; Martin, bishop and confessor, Nov. 11 ; Britins, bishop, Nov. 18; Machutus, bishop, Nov. 15; Hugh, bishop, Nov. 17 ; Edmund, king and martyr, Nov. 20 ; Cecilia, vir- gin and mar^, Nov. 22 ; Clement I, bishop and mar- tyr, Nov. 28; Catharine, virgin and martyr, Nov. 25; Nicholas, bishop, Dec. 6; Lucy, virgin and martyr, Dec. 18; O Sapientia,Dec. 16 ; Silvester, bishop, Dec 81.