a. Some regwd the golden calf both of Aaron and Jeroboam as intended by the Jews for an Egyptian god. The ailments for this view are, 1. The rea^y apostasy of the Jews to Egyptian superstition (Acts vii, 89, and chap, v, pasfdm; Lactant. Ind, iv, 10). 2. The ftict that they had been worshippers of Apis (Josh, xxiv, 14), and their extreme CunUiarity with
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his coltu (1 Kbigs xi, 40). 8. The resemblance of the feast described in Exod. xxxii, 5, to the festival in honor of Apis (Snidas, s. y/Atti^cc)* Of the various ncrad cows of Egypt, that of Isis, of Athor, and of the three kinds of sacred balls, Apis, Basis, and Mnevis, Sir 6. Wilkinson fixes on the latter as the prototype of the golden calf; ** the oflferings, dancings, and re- joicmgs practised on that occasion were doubtless in imitation of a ceremony they had witnessed in honor of HneTis" (Ane. Egj/p, y, 197, see pL 85, 86). The ox was worshipped |rom its utility in agriculture (Plat Ik /«. 74), and was a symbol of the sun, and consecrated to him (Hom. Od, i, xil, etc. ; Warburton, Dk. Leg, iv, 8, 5). Hence it is ahnost universally fSonnd in Oriental and other mythologies. 4. The ex- pression, '* an ox that eateth hay,'* etc. (Psa. cvi, 20, eUx,X where some see an allusion to the Egyptian cus- tom of bringing a bottle of hay when they consulted ApiB (Godwyn*8 Mot. and Aar, iv, 5). Tet these terms of scorn are rather due to the intense hatred of the Jews both to this idolatry and that of Jeroboam. Thus, in Tob. i, 5, we have one of Jeroboam's calves called **the heifer Baal" (r) ddfidXtc BaaX), which is an un- qoestionable calumny ; just as in the Sept. version of Jer. xlvi, 15, " Apis, the chosen calf" ('Awcc ^ f^o*rxpQ mm b UKutoq), is either a mistake or a corruption of the text (Bocbart, JSieroz. ii, 28, 6, and Schleusner, s. T.'Ayic). See Apis.
b, Accotding to others, the Jews in these cases sim- ply adopted a well-known cherubic emblem, merely applying it as a symbol of Jehovah. See Cherub. In support of this position it may be urged, 1. That it is obvious they were aware of this symbol, since Mo- ses finds it unnecessary to describe it (Exod. xxv, 18- 22). 2. Josephus seems to imply that the calf symbol- ised God (AnL viii, 8, 4). 8. Aaron, in proclaiming the feast (Exod. xxxii, 5), distincdy calls it a feast to Jehovah, and speaks of the god as the visible repre- sentation of Him who had led them out of Egypt. L It was extremely unlikely that they would so soon adopt a deity whom they had so recently seen humil- iated by the judgments of 'Moses (Num. xxxiii, 4). 5. There was only one Apis, whereas Jeroboam erected teo calves (but see Jahn, Bibl. Arch, § 464). 6. Jero- boam's weU-understood political purpose was, not to introduce a new religion, but to provide a different fbnn of the old, and this alone explains the fact that Aif was the only form of idolatry into which Judah never fell, since she already possessed the archet3rpal emUems in the Temple. 7. It appears from 1 Kings xzii, 6^ etc, that the prophets of Israel, though sanc- tionmg the calf- worship, still regarded themselves, and were regarded, as " prophets o/JehoucA." See Gold- biCalf.
Galhoim, Thomas P., a Cumberland Pi^sbyterian ninister, was born in Wilson county, Tenn., in 1828, itudied theology in the seminary at Princeton, N. J., sod was (ffdained in 1852. He was secretary for sev- en! years of the Board of Foreign and Domestic Mis- aoD8 of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and ed- itor of the JResioncayf a periodical of the Church. In the whiter of 1858, while riding out, his horse became ^Bunanageable, and running off a bridge, Mr. Calhoun WIS killed instantly.— Wilson's PvfiAyt, A Im, for 1860.
CaligtUa (so called from ecUga^ the foot-dress of a common soldier, which he wore while his fkther was ia the camp in Germany), properly Caius CiESAS, the third of the series of Boman emperors, was the yonn- 9Bst Bon of Germanicus, the nephew of Tiberius, by Agrippina. He was bom Aug. 31, A.D. 12 (Suetonius, C2<nd. 8), and, after spending his youth among the «Mien ia (Germany (Tadtus, Ann, i, 41, 69 ; Dio Cass. IvJS, S), he was received into fovor by Tiberius after tiis fiQ of S^anus (A.D. 32), although his mother and ^w*her» had been disgraced by that tjrrant, whom he "Bcceeded as emperor in March, A.D. 87. See Tibe-
rius. He is frequently mentioned (under the simple name ** Caius") by Josephus, who speaks of his les- toration of Agrippa I to his Jewish dominions {Ant, xviii, 7, 10) among the few acts of liberality that char<' acterized the first months of his reign. After his re- covery from illness, hoover, which his excesses had brought upon him, he gave way to his naturally brutal temper in so violent and irrational a manner as to be evidence of downright insanity, and was at length as- sassinated Jan. 24, A.D. 41. It does not appear that he molested the Christians. He commanded Petro- nius, governor of Syria, to place his statue in the Tem- ple at Jerusalem for the purpose of adoration ; but the Jews so vigorously opposed it that, fearing a sedition, he suspended the order (Josephus, AnL xvxi, 8). Soq Smith's Diet, ofCUm, Ant, s. v. ; Conybeare and How- son's ^(. PotJ, i, 110, 111.