Coin of CaUguU, with his Head and that of Angostus (the Utter crownedX
Cal^itas (KoXcrac and KaXcrac), given as the name of one of the Levites who had taken foreign wives after the restoration from Babylon (1 Esdr. ix, 23, where he is also called Colius), and who assisted in expounding the law to the people (ver. 48); evidently the Kelita (q. v.) of the genuine texts (Ezra x, 28 ; Neh. viii, 7).
Caliztiiies (I). In the year 1420, the Hussites divided into two great foctions, the Taborites and the Calixtines. The latter, who derived their name from the chalice (calix), asserted that communion in both kinds was essential to the sacrament. They are not generally ranked by Romanists among heretics, for many of them were persuaded by the concessions of the Council of Basle, in 1438, to be reconciled to the Roman pontiff. The reformation they aimed at ex- tended principally to four articles : 1. To restore the cup to the laity. 2. To subject criminal clergymen to the civil magistrate. 8. To strip the clergy of their lands, lordships, and all temporal jurisdictions. 4. To grant liberty to all priests to preach the Word of God. — Mosheim, Ch, Eigt, ii, 459 ; Farrar, EccUs, Diet, s. v. See Bohemia; Hussites.
(II.) Followers of George Calixtus. See Caux- Tus, Geobgb.
Caliztos I (or Callibtvs), Pope, the son of Dio- nysius, and a Roman, sucoeeded Zephyrinus in 217 or 220. According to the Acta Martiprum, he was put to death by being drowned in a well, after suflfeiing a long imprisonment, Oct. 14, 222, or Oct. 12, 228, but the sto- ry is doubtful. He was succeeded by Urban I. The new MS. of Hippolytus calls him a ''heretic," a ** ser- vile and deceitful profligate, and an embez^er." In doctrine, according to Hippolytus, Calixtus was a No&- tian, or worse ; in practice, a violator both of the ec- clesiastical and the moral law. And yet he is a saint of the Romish calendar I He is said to have built the basilica of St. Mary Trans 7V6erim, and the cemetety on the Appian Way now called the catacomb of St. Sebastian (where 174,000 martyrs are said to lie buried). —Ughellus, Ttalia Sacra^ vol. i ; Biog. Unw,; Meth. Qu, Rev, 1861, p. 649; Schaff, Hkt, ofChruithn Church, i, 291,447.' See HiPPOLYTOS.
II, Pope, son of Guillaume, count of Burgundy, was made archbishop of Yienne in 1088, and elected pope Feb. 1, 1119, while in retirement at Cluny. He was judged likely to compose the troubles about investiture, which had agitated the Church for fifty years; and even Henry V appeared to join in the general satisfao-
CALIXTUS
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CALL
tion. At the cooncQ held at Rheims in 1119 nothing, however, could be ooncladed to eflfiect a reconciliation between Henry and the pope, and the former was for- mally excommunicated. In 1122, at the Diet of Worms (Sept 28), an accommodation Was agreed upon be- tween the two parties, the emperor reserving to him- self his right of giving to the elect the investiture of the regalia, while the pope, on his part, conferred the investiture by the cross and ring. In 1120 Calixtus returned to Rome, and re-established the papacy there. In 1123 he held a Lateran council, in which the edicts of the anti-pope Gregory Y I II were annulled. He died Dec 12, 1124.— Moftheim, Ch, Hi$L cent, xii, pC ii, oh. ii, § 5, 6; Landon, Eod, Did, ii, 494.
Ill, Pope, a Spaniard of Valencia, named Alphonso Borgia, who was elevated to the papacy April 8, 1455. He grranted a commission to review the proceedings on the trial of Joan of Arc, which decided that she died a martyr for her religion and country. Calixtus did not canonize her, but permitted the celebration of certain expiatory ceremonies at her tomb. Calixtus made base use of his pontificate for the aggrandizement of his own nephews (or sons ?), the Borgias. He proclaimed a crusade, collected immense sums, and sent an expedi- tion against thd Turks, which failed. He died Aug. % 1458.~Landon, Ecd. Did, ii, 4M.
Calixtus, Gborob, perhaps the most independent and influential of the Lutheran divines of his age, was bom at Medelbye (or Flensborg?), Schleswig, 1586. His proper name was Kallisdn ; his &ther was pastor at Medelbye. George was first taught by his father, then went to school at Flensborg, and finally studied at the University of Helmstftdt, 1603-1607. After thorough culture, especially in the Aristotelian philosophy and in theology, he travelled into England and France on lit- erary Journeys (1609-13). On his return to Germany in 1614 he was appointed divinity professor at Helmst&dt. The thesis of his inaugural was.that kingdoms and states cannot salely coexist with the religion of Papists or Jesuits. For nearly half a century he led a life of un- wearied literary activity at Helmst&dt. Peaceful him- self^ the aim of his studies and efforts was to settle the disputes of the Christian parties, and it led him into endless controversies. Though a Lutheilui all his life, his tendencies were Melancthonian, both by nature and education. * * He had adopted the opinion of the peace- makers and Remonstrants that the essential doctrines of Christianity were held by all the churches, and de- sired to propagate this opinion, and to bring the adher- ents of aU the churches to some nearer understand- ing." He wrote against all exclusive claims in any of the churches. Against Rome he wrote De Ptmiif, MesiUB Sacrificio (Francf. 1614) ; and numerous other publications to the same end followed it In the Cal- vinistic doctrine he objected to predestination and the Calvinistic view of the Eucharist ; but he did not hold these errors to be fundamental (De Pmcipuis Christ. Reliff. CapUibus [Helmst&dt, 1618]) ; nor did rig- id Lutheranism find any more fiivor with him, and he especially rejected the doctrine of the ubiquity of the body of Christ. His first publications gave umbrage to the strict Lutherans, who regarded him as lax in theology. In 1619 he published his Epitome Theologian which was warmly welcomed by his friends, but awak- ened new opponents among the rigidly orthodox. He applied Aristotle's philosophy to theology, dividmg the science into three heads : (1) the object, man's best good, including holine^, immortality, etc. ; (2) the m5- ject, God, creation, apostasy, etc. ; (8) the meoiM, grace, redemption, the sacraments, etc. He also, in his Epit, Theologia Moralis (1684), separated theology from ethics, giving the latter the form of an independ- ent science. On this Dr. Pusey remarks, in his Theol- ogy o/Germangy p. 84, that *' the separation by Calixtus of the system of * Christian moral' firom * Christian doctrine,' with which it had been hitherto interwoven, '^^ough in itself greatly to the advantage of the uni^