Cal'neh (Heb. Kalneh\ txA^; Sept XaKamJ, the fourth of Nimrod's cities (Gen. x, 10), and prob- ably not different fhmi the Calno (Heb. K(^\ •isbs ; Sept XaXdpri) of Isa. x, 9, or the Casseh (Heb. Kaimeh^ nSS ; Sept Xavdd) of Ezek. zzrii, 28. The word is thought to mean "the fort of the god Ana or i4fiu," who was one of the chief objecti of Babr- Ionian worship. According to the Chaldee translsdoo, vrith which Eusebius and Jerome agree, this is the sane place that was subsequently called Ctee^thm, It Ujr on the Tigris, opposite Selenda, and was for a time the capital of the Parthians, and the winter residence of the Parthian kings (Strabo, xvi, p. 812; Celkrii Aotit ii, 774; see Bochart, Phaleff, iv, 18; Michaelis, Spkiitg. i, 228). This opinion respecting Calneh derives noe support from the circumstance that the district named Ctesiphon was called by the Greeks ChaJUmitU (Fliar, HtMt. Nat. vi, 26, 27; Polyb. v, 44); but, on the other hand, this province does not appear to have extended so far west as Calneh must have lain. Amniiai»0 Marcellinus (xxiii, 6, 28) states that it was the Fenian Wng Pacorus (who reigned from A.D. 71 to 107) vbo changed the name of the city to Ctesiphon ; hot tbat name must have been more ancient, as it u mentioned by Poly bins. In the time of the prophet Amos Cslneb appears to have constituted an independent principality (Amos vi, 2 ; Sept omits, v. r. KtAdvti or XoXcwt?); but not long after it became, with the rest of Westeni Asia, a prey to the Assyrians (Isa. x, 9). About 150 years later, Cakieh was still a considerable town, as may be inferred from its being mentioned by Ezekiel (xxvii, 28) among the places which traded with l^ie- We may gather from Scripture that in the eighth cen- tury B.C. Calneh was taken by one of the Assyrian kings, and never recovered its prosperity. Henoe it is compared with Carchemish, Hamath, and Gath (Io* X, 9 ; Amos vi, 2), and regarded as a proof of the re- sistless might of Assyria. The site of Ctesiphon wai afterward occupied by EH-Madam^ \. e. ike (two) dtM^ of which the only remains are the ruins of a remaika- ble palace called Tauh-kesra, or "Arch of Khosroea," some mounds of rubbish, and a considerable extent of massive wall toward the river. (See Smith's Dicf- rf CUm. Geog, s. v. Ctesiphon.)
More recent explorers have rendered it probable that
CALNO
85
CALVARY
the site of CahMh is ^e modem Niffer^ which was cer- tainfy one of the early capiUls, and which, under the name otNophefj the Talmud identifies with Calneh (see the Tomdy, Arab traditions made Kiffer the original Babylon, and said that it was the place where Nimrod endeavored to mount on eagles' wings to heaven. Sim- Uarivthe Sept speak of Calneh or Calno as **the place where the tower was built*' (Isa. x, 9). Niffer is sitn- ated about sixty miles KS.E. of Babylon, in the marshes on the left bank of the Euphrates. It has been visited and explored by Mr. Layard (Nm, and Bab, p. 468 sq.), and is thus described by Mr. Loftus (ChaU dtBO, p. 101) : ^ The present aspect of Niflier is that of a htty platform of earth and rubbish, divided into two nearly equal parts by a deep channel— Apparently the bed of a river— About 120 feet wide. Nearly in the centre of die eastern portion of this platform are the r^ mams of a brick tower of early construction, the tUbris of which constitutes a conical mound rising seventy feet above the plain. This is a conspicuous object in the distance, and exhibits, when the brick-woi^ is ex- posed, oblong perforations similar to those seen at Birs- Fmirod and other edifices of the Babylonian age. The western divisioa of the platform has no remarkable feature, except that it is strewed with fragments of pottery, and c^er relics of a later period than the tower just alladed to. At the dbtance of a few hundred yards on the east of the ruins may be distinctly traced a knr oontinuoiis mound, the remains probably of the external wall of the ancient city. As to the obelisk, the particular oliject of my visit, the Arabs positively declared that there was one, but none of them had seen it or oonld indicate its position on the mounds." See Cakxeh.
Cal'no (Isa. x, 9). See Cauteh.
CalogSri. See Caloyebs.
Calovins (or Calov), Abraham, a celebrated Lutheran divine and controversialist, was bom in 1612 at Mohrongen in Prussia. He studied at Kdnigsberg and Rostock, and became Professor of Theology at Wittemberg, where he obtained great distinction as a kctnrer and controversial theologian. He died Feb. 2!s 1686. He was a violent opponent of George Ca- Uxtos, whose gentleness he by no means shared. In- deed, 80 bitter was Calov's zeal, that it has been said of him that **be was bom for an inquisitor." He wrote with great ability against the Soclnians. His most hnportant work was his Biblia lUustrata (Dres- den, 1719, 4 vols, fol.), which contains the whole of Grotms's AimotcaumSf with severe criticisms on them. In dogmatic theology he |H«pared a vast Sygtema Loco- nm Theologieorum (1665-1677, 12 tom.). In the Syn- cretistic controversy (q. v.) he took the most conspicu- OBs part. His writings are very voluminous, nearly all bitterly controversial, and now little read. — Mosheim, Ci Sid, ii, 241 ; Herzog, Real-EncyUop. s. v.