CaloyexB or Calogdrl The word Cahgen is from the Greek (mXiSycioot), and means good old men. The name CaHogert is of similar signification, and is generally given to the monks of the Greek Church. Tbey are of the order of St Basil, and consider it to be a lin to follow any other order than his. They are di- vided into three degrees : the novices, who are called Ar^ari; the ordinary proiessed, called Microchemi; •nd tiie more perfect, called Meg<dochem, They are likewise divided into Ccenobites, Anchorites, and Re- efaisea. The Ccenobites are employed in reciting their offices from midnight to sunset; and as it is impossible, in ao long an exercise, that they should not be over- taken with sleep, there is one monk appointed to awake 1^; and they are obliged to make three gequflex- ions at the doot of the choir, and, returning, to bow to tbe r%ht and left to their brethren. The Anchorites ictixe from the world, and live in hermitages in the i^^igkbodiood of the monasteries ; they cultivate a lit- de ipot of ground, and never go out but on Sundays
and holidays, to perform their devotions at the next monastery. The Recluses shut themselves up in grot- toes and caverns on the tops of mountains, which they never leave, abandoning themselves entirely to Prov- idence. They live on the alms sent them by the nei^boring monasteries. The Caloyers have four Lents. The first and greatest is that of the resurrectioii or Easter : it lasts eight weeks, and is called the Grand Quarantaln. During this Lent the monks drink no wine; and such Is their abstinence that, if they are obliged, in speaking, to name milk, butter, or cheese, they always add this parenthesis, ** Saving the respect due to the holy Lent." The second Lent is that of the holy apostles, which begins eight days after Whitsun- day: it generally continues three weeks, sometimes longer. During this Lent the monks are allowed to drink wine. The third Lent is that of the assumption of the Virgin : it lasts fourteen days, during which they abstain ftoiDt fish, except on Sundays and on the trans- figuration of our Lord. The fourth Lent is that of the Advent. The Caloyers, in addition to the usual monk- ish habit, wear over their shoulders a square piece of stufl', on which are represented the cross and the other marlLS of Christ's passion, with these letters : IC. XC. NC. *\f)90vg Xpurrb^ w«c^, Jetus Chritt ccnquen. The inscription was sometimes written thus : IC. XC. NI KA; and we find it occasionally arranged, especially on IC IXC
coins, in the form of a cross, thus, '^. Visitors or
exarchs are placed over them, who visit the convents only to draw from them sums of money which the pi^ triiuch demands. Tet, notwithstanding these monks are compelled to pay both to their patriarch and to the Turks, their convents are very rich. They have many monasteries in Asia, on Mount Sinai, and in Pal- estine; in Europe, near Athens, in Chios, and in Amourgo, one of the Sporades, also on Mount Athos. Those on Mount Athos are the most celebrated, and are twenty-three in number. There are female Caloyers, or Greek nuns, who (ollow the rule of St. Basil. Their nunneries are alwajrs dependent on some monastery. — Farrar, Ecd, Dict.B.y. See Athos ; Greek Church.
Cal^phi (6 XoX^I, v. r. XoX^ci , perhaps for ii^pAenct
Sq. v.], Josephus Xml/aiog, Ant. xiii, 6, 7), father of udas, which latter was one of the two captains (dp- XovTtc) of Jonathan's army who remained firm at the battle of Gennesar (1 Mace xi, 70).
CalvariBts, or Missiokart Priests of Calva- ry, a monastic congregation, established in 1630 by Hubert Charpentier, licentiate of the Sorbonne, on Mount Bethasam, in France, for propagating Roman- ism by missions. In 1688 they united with the Asso- ciation for the Propagation of Faith, from which they separated again in 1650. In 1664 they were re-formed, and united with the congregation of St. Sulpioe. The congregation disappeared in 1790, but arose again in 1826.
Cal'vary, a word occurring in the Anth. Vers, only in Luke xxiii, 88, and there not as a proper name, but arising from the translators having literally adopted the word ccdvaria, i. e. a bare skuUj the Latin word by which the Kpaviov of the evangelists is rendered in the Vulgate, Kpaviov, again, being nothing but the Greek interpretation of the Hebrew Golootha (q. v.).
1. Import of the Name. — Many have held that Gol- gotha was the place of public execution, the lybum of Jerusalem, and that hence it was termed the " place of a skulL" Another oi^nion is that the place took its name from its shape, being a hillock of a form like a human skull. It is trae, tiiere is no express men- tion of a mount in either of the narratives. See Cru- cifixion. That the place, however, was of some such shape seems to be generally agreed, and the tra- ditional term mount, applied to Calvary, appears to confirm this idea. Such a shape, too, it must be al- ^ lowed, is in entire agreement with the name^ that is, '
CALVARY
CALVARY
** Bknll." To these considerations there are added cer- tain difficulties which arise from the other explanation. So ikr as we know, there is no historical evidence to rtiow that there was a place of public execution where Golgotha is commonly fixed, nor that any such place, in or near Jerusalem, bore the name Golgotha. Nor is the term Golgotha descriptire of such a place ; to make it so, to any extent, the name should have been *' skulls,** or " the place of skulls.*' Equally unapt is the manner in which the writers of the Gospel speak of the place: Matthew calls it **a place called Gol- gotha; that is to say, a place of a skull ;** Marie, "the place Golgotha, which is, bemg interpreted, the place of a skull;** Luke, *'the place which is called Calva- ry ;" John, **a place called of a skull, which is called in the Hebrew Golgotha.** In truth, the context seems to show that the Roman guard hurried Jesus away and put him to death at the first cenvenient spot ; and that the rather because there was no small fear of a popular insurrection, especially as he was attended l^y acrowdofpeo|de. This place, we may suppose, was not for from the judgment-hall, which was doubtless either near Fort Antonia or in the former palace of Herod. See Pb JCTOBIUM. In either case, the crucifixion would most naturally have occurred at the nortft-toest of the city. Somewhere in the north, it is clear, they would execute' him, as thus they would most easOy efl^t their object. Bat if they chose the north, then the road to Joppa or Damascus would be most convenient, and no spot in the vicinity would probably be so suit- able as the slight rounded elevation which bore the name of Calvary. That some hillock would be pre- ferred it is easy to see, as thus the exposure of the criminal and the alleged cause of his crucifixion would be most eff^Bctually secured. Dr. Barclay is at great pains to show (C% <rf'1h/t Great King, p. 78 sq.) that the vicinity of the garden of Gethsemane is the more probable location of Calvary, but his arguments are made up of a series of the roost uncritical conjectures. Indeed, the veiy fact that of the arbitrary positions as- signed by all tiiose who (chiefly from an ultra Prot- estant prejudice apparentiy) reject the traditionary site, no two agree, while all are alike destitute of any his- torical basis, is an important evidence in favor of the current identification. See Jbbusaleh.