BSED.
8. Sweei Cane. — This is designated in Heb. by Keoh' Bo^sbm (a«a JTSjJ, rted tf fragrance,
Exod. XXX, 28), or Kankh' hat-Tob' (a^»n nag, good or fragrant reed, Jer. vi, 20). It is probably' in- tended also by haneh (" reed") simply in Cant, iv, 14 ; Isa. xliii, 24 ; and £z^. xxvii, 17, as it is enumerated with other fragrant and aromatic substances. Finally, it was brought from a fi^r country (Jer. vi, 20 ; Ezek. xxvii, 19) : Dan also, and Javan, going to and fro, car- ried bright iron, cassia, and calamus to the markets of Tyre.
The best description by ancient writers of this plant is that of Dioscorides ^, 17), who calls it the aromatic reed (jcdXafioc dputnariicoi^ and inmiediately after as a nuh (axoXvog). He states it to be a produce of In- dia, of a tawny color, much jointed, breaking into splin- ters, and having the hollow stem filled with pith Uke the web of a spider ; also that it is mixed with oint- ments and ftimigations on account of its odor. Hip- pocrates was acquainted with apparently the same sub- stance (KoXafAog liiMtdrjg and axolvoQ fvocrfioc), which Theophrastus, Polybius (v, 46), and Strabo (xvi, 2) describe as growing in Coele-Syria, where modem trav- elers, however, have observed only common or scent- less flags. Bocbart, indeed, doubts whether the Scrip- tural plant could have been brought from India (J7te- roz. pt. ii, L V, c. 6) ; but Dr. Vincent maintains that this trade was then fully open (Peripltts of the Ery- thratan Sea, ii, 865). Hence Dr. Boyle (Jlluttr, ofHi- maL Botany, p. 425) identifies the '* sweet cane*' of Scripture with the Andropigon calcmus (aromoHctu), a
Andropogon Cakmiua Aromatioue,
plant extensively cultivated in India, from which an oil, deemed to be the famous spikenard of antiquity, is extracted (Royle, Essag on Hindoo Medicine, p. 88, 142 ; Hackett, On the Spikenard of the Ancients, p. 84 ; Cal- cntta Med. Trans, i, 867). See Caulmus. Cange, Dn. See Ducaxgb.
Canisins, HenricoB, or de TTondt, nephew of Pe- trus, was bom at Nimeguen, studied at Lou vain, and taught the canon law in the University of IngoUtadt, where he died in 1610. The work by which he is best known is his AnHqua Lectiones (160^, 1602, 1608, 6 vols.), republished by Basnage in 1725 (7 vols.), with notes, and with the Greek text in addition to the Latin version, which Canisius had given alone. Canisius also published Summa Jnris Canomei; Commentarhtm in Begtdas Juris; Pneleetiones academicte; De decimis primitiis, et usuris; De sponsaWms et matrimonio: all collected and published by Bouvet in his Opera Co-
CANISIUS
74
CANON
mmiea Camm (Loayain, 1649).— Bm^. Univ, yii, IS; Landon, Eod, DtcUomay, U, 584.
Canisitui, Petrns, of Kimeguen, a Jesait, born May 8, 1624, entered the order V the Jesuits in 1543, became professor and rector of the University of In- golstadt in 1549, and rector of the college of the Jes- uits in Vienna in 1551. He used his influence with the emperor Ferdinand I for the suppression of Plrotestant- ism. As the first German ** provincial*' of the Jesuits, he established colleges of the order at Prague, Augs- burg, Dillingen, and Fribourg (in Switzerland), at which latter place he died, I^. 21, 1597. Ganisins was one of the most prominent opponents of the Ref- ormation in Germany, and the arrest of the reforma- tory movement in Austria and Bavaria is ibr a large part owing to his labors and his influence. In order to counteract the influence of the catechisms of Lu- ther, and other works of the founders of Protestant- ism, he wrote his Summa Doctrmm CkrittiantB (1584; with a commentary by P. Busaus, Cologne, 1586, and Augsburg, 1838 sq. 4 vols. ; new edition, Landshut, 1842), which was translated into nearly all languages (Greek, Prague, 1612; Greek-Latin, Augsburg, 1612), ■ and. a shorter catechism, entitled IrulktUumet Ckritt, pieiatis (1566), which, until the middle of the 18th cen- tury, served as the basis of popular instruction in the Catholic schools of Germany, and has, even in modem times, again come into use (new editions : Landahut, 1833; Mainz, 1840). See Catechism; also Theol, Qmrtalscknft, 1863, Heft 3, p. 446. Canisius also ed- ited the letters of Jerome, Leo the Great, and C3nril of Alexandria, and compiled a Catholic Pnyer-book (ManuaU Caiholicum, Antwerp, 1530 ; Augsburg, 1841 ; German, 8th edit. Landshut, 1829). The Protestants called him "the Austrian Dog," while the Jesuits praised him as the second apostle of Grermany, and even endeavwed to obtain his beatification. Their efforts, for a long time unfruitful, were at length crowned with success during the pontificate of Pins IX, who pUced CanUins on the list of the '*BeatL" Biographies of Canisius were published in Latin by Raderus and Sacchini (Munich, 1623); in French by Dorigny (Paris, 1708) ; in Italian by Langore and Foli- gpttti ; in German by Werfer (in Leben ampezeichneler CatholUm, Schaffhausen, 1852| 2 vols.).
Canker (ydyypaiva\ a gangrene (2 Tim. ii, 17), morHfioation; a disease which spreads by degrees over the whole body. To such a putrid state of the system the iqioetle compares the corrupt doctrines of Hyme- nsns and Philetus.
Canker-worm (p^J, ye'Uk,feedimg, Joel i, 4 ; ii, 25; "caterpillar," Psa. cv, 84; Jer. U, 14, 27; Sept fipovxoiy ». e. locust-grub; but iucppi^ locust, in Jer. ; Chald. ^n-ig, winged locust ; Syr. creeping locust) is generally referred to some hairy or caterpillar-like species of locust (Jer. U, 27, *ipb, hritOg, Auth. Ver. " rough"). Possibly H merely describes the locuM in a certain stage of its growth, viz. just when it emerges from the caterpillar state and obtains the use of its wings ; see Nah. iii, 16, "rte canher^ioorm hat thrown off (Ol^B, A. V. tpoUtiK) its scales [or ''oxpamded its wings"] and.^!nM» awagf^ thus corresponding to the description by Jerome (in loc. Nah.) of the attelabus (arreXa/3oc), or "wingless locust" (Credner, Jod, p. 805 ; see Bochart, Hteroa. ii, 445). See Locust.