pui^gatory, nor if he be a baptized inlknt dead before reaching years of discretion, except in cases of martyr- dom. The act of beaUficatiKm precedes that of canon- ization. See Bbatificatiok.
The worship of ** canonized saints'* is ei^ined by the Council of Trent (Sees, xxv, Dt moooatione, etc.). Uany Bomanists have declared against this supersti- tion ; and the Protestant churches reject it as idola- trous. Canonization is a relic of Paganism. In the tliirteenth century a Dualist came very near being canonized. In 1269 there died at Ferrara a wealthy citizen, Armanno Pungilovo, whose extraordinary charities endeared him to the poor,, while his austere and exemplary lifo procured him a general reputation of sanctity. He was buried in the cathedral, in the presence of an immense crowd, who lamented their benefootor ; and such was the public veneration that miracles were soon wrought, or appeared to be, on the spot where he was buried. An altar was built over his remains, and statues were erected in his honor throughout the churches of the diocese. The bishop and chapter of Ferrara proceeded to an investigation of the miracles wronght at his tomb, as a preliminary step to applying for his canonization, and professed themselves satisfied of the veracity of persons who tes- tified that they had themselves been cured — some of blindness, others of paralysis. What was the general consternation when the Dominican Aldobrandini, in- quisitor general of Lombardy, brought forward irre- sistible evidence that the deceased was a member of the Catharists (q. v.) ; that his house had been for years the asylum of their teachers ; and that he had both received and administered the conMHamtiUvm (q. v.). The clergy of Ferrara were slowly and unwill- ingly convinced, the people not at all ; but, after re- peated investigations, and a delay of more than thirty years, those remains, which had well-nigh been pro- posed to the adoration of the foithfol, were dug up with ignominy and burned to ashes. See Heilmann, Cof»- $ecratio Santorum, etc. (Hal. 1764, 4to) ; Elliott, Delin^ tatUm of Romamsm, bk. iv, ch. iv ; Hurd, ReligkuB JHte$ and Ceremonies^ 244 ; Ferraris, Promta Bibtiothe- cOf s. V. Veneratio Sanctorum, ix, 119 sq. ; Chemni- tius, Examen ConcU, Trident, pt. ii, loc. 6 ; pt iii, loc. 4 ; Herzog, BeaUEncyklopadie, vii, 826 ; Eadie, Ecd. Dictionary, s. v. ; Hook, CK, Dictionary, s. v.
Canopy (cwvcifwcTov, from Kwvwil/y a gnat; Vulg. concpeum) : (1) In the O. T. the term employed for the hAging of the couch of Holofemes (Judith x, 21 ; xiii, 9; xvi, 19), where alone it occurs in tlie Bible, although, perhaps, from the '* pillars'* of the litter described in Cant, iii, 10, it may be argued that its equipage would include a canopy. It probably retained the mosquito- nets or curtains in which the name originated, al- though its description (Judith x, 21) betrays luxury and display rather than such simple usefrilness. Yar- ro (J2. J7. ii, 10, 8) uses the term (quce in conopeitjacenC) of languid women very much as the book of Judith ((ivavav6fUvoc » • » iv rtf KwytaTtitgi) describes the position of a luxurious general. (For fiuiher classical illustration, see Smith, Diet. ofAnt,B,r, Conopeum.) It might possibly be asked why Judith, whose business was to escape without delay, should have taken the trouble to pull down the canopy on the body of Holo- femes ? Probably it was an instance of the Hebrew notion that blood should be instantiy covered (comp. 2 Sam. XX, 12 ; Levit. xvii, 18) [see Blood], and for this purpose the light bedding of Syria was inadequate. See Bed. Tent frimiture also is naturally lighter, even when most luxurious, than that of a palace, and thus a woman's hand might unfix it from the piUars without much difficulty .--Smith, s. v.
(2) In ecclesiastical use, see Baldachin.
Canfltein, Kabl Hildebrand, Marquis of, was bom Aug. 16, 1667, at Lindenburg, in Germany, stud- ied law at Frankfort on the Oder, travelled much in
CANTERBURY
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CANTICLES
Europe, and in 1688 was appc^ted page of (he elector of Brandenburg. He afterward served as a yolunteer in the Netherlands. A dangerous sickness obliged him to leave the military- service, and led him to a re- ligious life, in which he was greatly helped by Spener (q. v.). His wish to spread the Bible among the poor led him to form the idea of printing it with stereotjrpe plates. Thus originated the funous institution, called in German Die Caruteintche BMcautaU, He lived to see 100,000 Testaments and 40,000 Bibles sold fix)m the establishment. It is still continued on a very large scale; the boolu are furnished at cost prices (about twenty-five cents fbr the Bible and eight for the Testament). Up to 1854, 4,612,000 Bibles and 2,680,000 Testaments had been sold. He edited a ffarmome der 4 Ewmgetiatm (2d ed. 1727, fol.), and also wrote LAmubeachreihmg Spenen (Life of Spener), the edition of which by Lange, 1740, contains a iHog- raphy of Canstein, who died at Halle, Aug. 19, 1719. See also Niemeyer, Getchichte der Camtteinteken Bibel' anstaU (Halle, 1827, 8vo) ; Plath, Leben von Canetem (1861, 8vo); Bertram, GetchidUe der C€autem»chen Bu beianttaU (1868, 8vo); JakrbUcher /, Deuttche Theolo- ffie, ix, 892. — Hoefer, Nouv, Biog. OMrale^ viii, 610; Herzog, ReaLEncyUcfadiey ii, 552.
Canterbury (flcm/uaria Dorobermm)^ the capital of the county of Kent^ a cathedral city and the seat of an archbishop, who is the metropolitan of all England. It is 56 miles from London, E.S.E., on the road to Do- ver. When Augustine became archbishop of this see, A.D. 597, Idng Ethelbert granted his palace here to the archbbhop and his monks, who thereupon began to build a monastery, converting an ancient church in the neighborhood (said to have been used by the Roman Christians) into his cathedral church. Cuthbert, the «leventh a^rchbishop, A.D. 740, added a church to the east of this. In the course of ages it received numei> ous additions, until it assumed its present magnificent fbrm. Among those who helped to repair, enlarge, and rebuild it were archbishops Odo (A.D. 940), Lui- franc (1070), and Anselm (1098). In 1174 the choir was destroyed by fire, and in order to the rebuilding of it a number of French and EngUsh artificers were summoned. Among the former was a certain William of Sens, and to him, a man of real genius, the work was intrusted. The church was rich in relics : Plege- mund bad brought hither the body of the martyr Bla- sius from Borne; there were the relics of St.Wilfi^ St Dunstan, and St. Elphege ; the murder of Thomas Becket (q. v.) took place in the north transept, Deo. 29, 1170. The total exterior length of the cathedral is 545 feet, by 156 in breadth at the eastern transept The crypt is of g^reater extent and loftier— owing to the choir being raised by numerous steps at the east end — tlian any other in England. The archbishop of Canterbury is primate of all England, metropolitan, and first peer of the realm. He ranlcs next to royalty, and crowns the sovereign. His ecclesiastical province includes all England, except the six north^n counties. Among his privileges, he can confer degrees in divin- ity, law, and medicine. His seats are at Lambeth and Addington Paric. He is patron of 149 livings. The present archbishop is Charles Thomas Longley, trans- lated to the see in 1862.— Landon, Ecd, DuOumary, s. V. ; Chambers, EncjfdopcBdia^ s. v.