2. Modem Scieniijtc Exphratum,^\ii. 1578 a Domin- ican named Alphonse Ciaoconio, learning that a ceme- tery (St. Priscilla's) had been opened on the Salarian Way, made a partial exploration of it, and gave de- signs of sculptures, etc. found in it. About 1590 he was joined by a young Frenchman named Wingh. But Antonio Boslo (f 1600) was the real founder of the mod- ern study of the Catacombs. He devoted to it thirty years of labor, the fhiits of which appeared only after his death, in Roma SotterrtmetL, compiled f^om Bosio^s MSS. by Severano, an Cratorian priest (Roma, 1632, 1 vol. fol.), and subsequently another Ontorian, Arin- ghi, brought out, with additions, the same work in Lat- in (Rome, 1661, 2 vols. fol. ; Cologne, 1659, 2 vols. fol.). The works of Bosio and Aringhi were like a revelation to the learned world, and gave a great impulse to ar- chieological studies. In 1702 appeared Fabretti*s In- tcriptiones AntiqucBy and in 1720 CimUeri dei SanH Mar- Hri, by Boldetti, the fruit of thhty years' labor. The ScaUmt e PUture 8acre (Sacred Sculptures and Paint- ings from the Cemeteries of Rome, 8 vols, fol.), by Bot- tari (1737-54), is a very valuable and fully illustrated work, using Bosio*s materials, and even his copper- plates. Original sketches of sculptures from the Cat- acombs are given by D'Agincourt, Histoire d'art par les Monumerdi (Paris, 1811-28, 6 vols. fol.). But in the eighteenth century little was done for the exploration or illustration of the Catacombs, and it is only since 1820 that the research has been carried on in a really scientific way, and the honor of this is largely due to the Jesuit padre Giuseppe Marchi, whose AfotatmmU Prim' iUvi deSe A rte Christians (Roma, 1844, 70 plates, 4to) is confined wholly to the topography and architecture of the Catacombs. It was to have been followed by a second volume on the paintings, and a third on the sculptures. The French government has been at the expense of publishing, under the patronage of the Academy of Inscriptions, the finely-illustrated work of Perret, Le$ Catacombes de Borne (Paris, 1852-8, 6 vols, fol.), a work of more artistic than original scientific value, but yet exceedingly valuable for study. The 5th volume gives 480 Christian inscriptions, careftilly reproduced. But all previous works are thrown into the shade by those of Chevalier 6. B. di Rossi, who has given many years to personal research in the Cat- acombs (aided by his brother Michele di Rossi), and whose Roma SoUerranea^ of which vol. i appeared in 1866 (4to, with Atlas of 40 plates), will, when comple- ted (in 8 vols.), make the study of the Catacombs easy, without a personal visit to Rome. He has also pub- lished (under the patronage of Pius IX) iMcripUfmes Ckristianm urbie Roma (1861, vol. 1, fol.), containing the Christian inscriptions of Rome anterior to the 6th century. Among minor works are Northcote (Rom. Cath.), The Roman Caiacomb$ (London, 1859, 2d ed. 12mo) ; Maitland, Church in the Catacombs (Lond. 1847, 2d ed. 8vo); Kip, The Caiaoombs qfRome (N. T. 1854,
12mo); Bellennann, Aeit. CkristUehe Begrahmulatfen «. d. Katacomben stt Ne(^ (Hamb. 1889). See alao Murray, Hand-book of Rome, § 85 ; Schafl; Ck. mttory, i, § 98 ; R^mnsat, Musie Chritien de Rome (In Rev. d, d. Mondes^ 15 Juin, 1863) ; Jehan, Diet, des Origines dv Christiamsme^ p. 212 sq. ; Martigny, Diet, des AnHqmiiee ChrH. p. 106 sq. ; Lecky, Bislory of Rationalism, i, 216 sq. ; English Review, v, 476; JEdimbwrgk Rev. roL dx, p. 101; vol. cxx, p. 112 (Am. ed.); Bouix, Tkeoio^ des Catacombes (Arras, 1864). See Cbtptb; Loci7- LU8; Inscriptions; Symbolism.
Catafaloo (Ital. a scqffbld), or CATAFALQUE, a temporary cenotaph of carpentry, intended to represent a tomb, and with decorations of sculpture, and puntiiig or upholstery. It is employed in funeral ceremonies in the Church of Rome, especially in Italy.
Catalduo, bishop of Tarentum, a saint of the Bo- man calendar. According to one account, he was bom in Ireland, and came to Italy in the fifth or sixth cen- tuiy. Marvellous stories of miracles and wonders are connected with his birth and history in the Tarentine traditions. See Hoefer, Now, Biog, GitUrale, ix, 141 ; Herzog, Real-Enqfhlopddie, supplem. p. 808 ; Acta Sanctorum, t. ii, Bfaii, p. 569.
CataphrygianB, a name anciently given to the Montanists, because Montanus first published his oihii- ions in a village of Mysia, on the borders of Phrygia. See MoirrAifiSTS.
Catechetioalliuitniotioii. SeeCATBCHsncs; Catechism.
Cateohetioal EtohooU. See Abtioch and Al- BXANDBiA (Schools ot).
Catechetics, CATscHizATioir. Catechetics is that part of the science of theology which treats of catechetical religious instruction (under Church au- thority), both with regard to theory and practice. It belongs to the department of Practical Theology.
1. Name and'JScope. — The term is derived from Kanrxku, to sovnd out aloud; to souttd into one^s ears; and hence, in N. T., to instruct orally (1 Cor. xhr, 19 ; Gal. vi, 6, et al). In the N. T. the word appliee to all kinds of oral instruction ; but its derivatives, in later use, acquired a special application to instruction given
i to proselytes seeking baptism. Still later, the same ' terms came to apply to elementary instruction in Chrls- I tianity, whether given to proselytes seeking baptism, or (and this chiefly) to baptized dilldren in the Church. I The act of giving such instruction is called catechianff, or oatechitation. The person instructing is called a ' catechist (q. v.) ; the persons taught are called cate- chumens (q. V.) ; the substance of the instruction (in later times a small book) is called The Catechism (q. v.). It belongs to Catechetics, as a branch of theology, to treat of all these heads; but, for convenience of refers ence, we treat the three latter in separate articles, in their alphabetical order.