8. Literature, — ^The science of Catechetics was treated by Hyperius, De Catechesi (1570; ed. Schmidt, Helmst. 1704, 8vo); Dietrich, Institt. Catechet, (IGU) ; Alstedi- us, Theohffia Cateehetica (Hanover, 1616, 4to) ; Ram- bach, WohkmterrichUter Catechet (Jena, 1727, and Lips.
1786, 8vo). Dr. WatU gave an impetus to Catechetics by his Diicourte on Inttruction by CaieckUm (London, 1728 ; Works, ed. of 1812, vol. v), in which he explained the Catechism of the Westminster Assembly, and gav« two smaller Catechisms. A thorough work on this branch of theology, in English, is yet a desideratum. The relation of the Catechism and of catechetical in- struction to the Church and to baptism has not beea made so prominent in the English-speaking churches as in the German. On minor points, espedaUy relat- ing to the ancient Church, Bingham and other English writers have done well. Both for the history and the> or}' of Catechetics in general, our chief references must be to Grerman writers. Among them are, besides those already mentioned, Langemack, Hiitoria Caleehefioa (8 vols. 1729-40); Walch, &idktung in die cateehet- isihe hutorie, etc. (1752) ; Kdcher, ExnteUung in «Ue cat- echeiische Theologie (1752); the same, IxU, Getckidae <L pdpstUchen Kirche- (17 58); the same, koL Ges. d. reform. Kirche (1756) ; the same, kai. Gesckichie d, Waldtiuer^ tt. a. Secten (1768— the four books constituting a bodj- of Catechetical science). Of more or less Rationalistic tendencies are the following: Schuler, GetchidUe dSes kat, Rd'tgiontunierrichis utUer der ProtestasUen bis 1762 (Halle, 1802); Gr&ffe, Lehrbuck der aUgem, KateckeHk (on Kantian principles, Gdtting. 1799, 8 vols. ; 1805, 1 vol.); Grftffe, Gnmdriss der ailgem, KatecheHk (1796, 8vo). Of the same school : Schmid, katechet. B<md- hueh (Jena, 2d ed. 1799-1801) ; MoUer, UkrhuSi d, Ka^ tecketik (Altona, 2d ed. 1822, 8vo). More evangelical, but yet resting on the Kantian philosophy in its Ficb- tean form, is Daub, Lehrbmch der Katedtetik (Frank- fort, 1801, 8vo) ; and more practical are Schwarz, Ko" techetik (Gie?sen, 1819, 8vo); Hamisch (Halle, 1828); Hoffman, katechetik (1841). Since the modification of German theology through Schleiennacher*s infloence, a still better class of works has appeared, among which are Palmer, evangd, Kaie<ketik (1844; 4th ed. 1866, 8vo) ; Kraussold, Katechetik (1848) ; PUto, Lehrbvck d. KatecheHk (Leipe. 1858, 12mo); Pnchta, Bandbuch der prakt. Katechese (1854) ; Zezschwitz, System der dkrist^ Uck-kirchlichen Katechetik (Lpz. 1864-66, 2 vols. 8vo, the fullest treatise on the subject, but not yet finished). In books of practical theology, Catechetics, of course, is treated in its place. Among Roman Catholic writ- ers we name Galura, Grundsdtze d. wahren Katechese, (Freiburg, 1795) ; Winter, Katechetik (Landshnt, 1816, 8vo); Gruber; Muller; and especially Hirscher, K€^ techetik (1831, 4th ed. Tdbmg. 1840), whose compre- hensive mind grasped the subject in all its bearings, but especially in its true relations to the pastoral wo^. Among writers in English, see Cannon, Pastoral The^ ology, Lecture xxxi; Baxter, Reformed Pastor; Vinet, Pastoral Theology; Baxter, The Teachiftg of PamiBes (Practical Works, vol. xix) ; Orme, Life of Baxter, ii, 140 sq. ; Gilly, Borce Cateehetica (London, 1828, 8vo); Doddridge On Preaching, Lecture xvii ; Farindon, 8er- mons, iv, 201 ; Quarterly Renew, March, 1848; Prmco- ton Review, xxi, 59 ; Evangelical Review, i, 221 ; Arden, Manual of Catechetical Instruction (High-church ; Lon- don, 1851, 12mo) ; Green, Ashbel, Lectures on the Shorter Catechism (Phila, 1841, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Alexander, A-, Duty of Catechetical Instruction (Presbyter. Tract Soc) ; Ramsay, Catechetical Instruction (Churdi of England ; Lond. 1851, 18mo) ; Aids to Catechetical TeaMng (Lcmd. 1848, 12mo) ; Bather, AH of Catechizing (revised by au- thor, N. T. 1847). Catechetical hints may be found in many books on Sunday-school and Bible-class teach- ing ; in periodicals, such as The Catechumen^s Reporter (Lond.) ; and in the various expositions of the differ- ent Church Catechisms. Also Clarisse, Encydopte^ Theolqgioa, § 99; Siegel, Bandbwk der christ,^kirdL AUerthUmer, i, 840 sq. ; Hagenbach, Encyklqpddie, § 99; Pelt, Theolog. EnryUopadie, § 103; Herzog, Real^En^ cyklopadie, vii, 441 ; Winer, Theolog, IMeraturf Walch, BibHotheca Theologica, vol. i, ch. iv. Cateohiam (in the ecclesiastical sense), a book of
CATECHEnOS
151
CATECHEnCS
Cfaristum instmction, pnt forth under the authority of the Church, for the oral instruction of children and proeelytes. Generallj, at the present day, the Cate- chism is in the form of question and answer.
I. 7%e mane Oaieckitm. — ^The name is derived from Kttnixt'ta (see Catschbtics, 1). In its existing sense it probably originated with Luther. In the early ages the catechumens (q. v.) were taught the Creed, the Lord's Prayer, and certain rudiments of doctrine (Bing- ham, Oriff, £cde9. bk. x, ch. 1, § 6). Cyril (f 886) and Gregory of Nyssa (f 894) wrote what would now in substance be called Catechisms, as did Augustine 0430) in his Exposition of the Creed. See Catbghbt- IC8. But in Augustine's use, the word Catechism means the act of preparatory instruction through which the catechumens went before baptism. In the Middle Ages, Kero of St. Gall (8th century) published the Creed and Lord's Prayer in German, for the instruc- tion of children and ignorant people. Wicliffe also did the same in English, adding the Decalog}ie. But Luther first gave the name Catechism (1526) to the som of Christian knowledge made up for elementary ins^ttction into a book. It is possible, however, that the term "Catechism" had been used by the Wal- denses before Luther's time in the same sense. See Zezschwitz, Die Kakdiimm der Waidenser imd bdkr mi9ehm BrOder (ErUngen, 1863^ 8vo).