At difierent periods since the Council of Trent the celibacy of the clergy has been a topic of dispute with- in the Church of Rome, and many of the clergy have sought to tree their body from this yoke of bondage. In Austria, Joseph II confirmed it by an ordinance under date of June 11, 1787, which would seem to indi- cate that some hopes of its nullification were enter- tained by the Austrian clergy at that time. When, in consequence of the Concordat of 1801, ecclesiasticsl communities were re-established in France, the rule of celibacy was maintained, and was skilfnlly defended by Portalis in the session of the Corps Ugidaiff of March 21, 1802. In 1817 the question was again moot- ed by the theological faculty of Landshut, who, com- plaining of the scarcity of candidates for holy orders, pointed to celibacy as one of its causes. In 1828 cer- tain Roman priests of Baden and Silesia made another attempt, but without success. Similar attempts were also made after 1881 in the grand-duchy of Hesse, Wurtemberg, and Saxony, and petitions asking for the abolition of celibacy presented at the diets. The civil authorities felt the less inclined to such a step, as the fundamental question as to whether celibacy is an ec- clesiastical law, or whether it oould be abrogated by the civil authorities, is not yet decided. In France, again, the question was eagerly discussed from 1828 to 1832. In Spain, the Academy of Ecclesiastical Science took the subject into consideration in a meeting held in 1842 ; while the Portuguese Chambers had previous- ly, in 1885, discussed it, though without result. The same took place in Brazil about 1827. During the commotions of 1848, the subject was again brought into prominence in Germany. The ** German Catho- lics'* (q. V.) had already abolished celibacy ; and a general measure was called for in the Frankfort Par- liament, in the Prussian Assembly, and in the press. In Austria, also, voices were raised against it; but here the state took the side of the pope, who, in a boll of 1847, had added fresh stringency to the rule of celi- bacy, and condemned its infringement. Since the Italian Liberation War of 1886, hundreds <ii the Itsliu clergy have united to reform the Church, and one of
CELL
111
CELSUS
the ipedal points demanded is the abolition of oellp bacj.
On the other hand, the Bomanixing partj in the Church of Kngland seem inclined to revive celibacy and the ancient admiration of virginity. See Shipley, Tk$ Ckmrek and Oe World (Yaux's Eflsay), London, 1866, 8vo.
Ukratwre. — For the older writers on both sidea, see Walch,.BJU»o<ft€ea7^l«%»ca,i,202; U,254. Aslater aathoritiefl, beaidoe those cited in this article, see Giese- kr, (XSutoiy, i, § 96, 124; ii, § 80, 65; Schaff, Apo$^ toL Ckwck, § 112 ; Schaff, Ch, History, 1. c ; Browne, On TUng^mme ArtkUs, art. xzxii ; Burnet, OntheAr^ <ic{»,arizxzU; Mackintosh, ^^tMxi/ PAOow^, § 8 ; l^jlor, Andeni Chriatiamty, i, 198, 888 (N. York ed.) ; Neander, PUmimg, etc. i, 246 sq. ; Neander, Ch, i7w- tory, ii, 147 ; It, 94 (Torrey's); Atterbury, Sermon be- fore Oe Som of Ike CUrgg (Dec. 6, 1709); Thiersch, VarUtn vib. KatkoUdemui und ProteeUtnHtmut, vorl, 88; Mameineke, IntHU, StftoM, § 49, and references there; Hetzog, Beat-EM^Uopadie, U, 771; Wetzer n. Welte, Kircken-LexUam, ^ 656 (for Romanist view) ; Palmer, On the Church, pt. vi, ch. ix; Cramp, TexUook of Po- p9y,ch.zv,{2; Elliott, i>e2uiea<<m o/'jeomoRMm, bk. iv (a very full treatment of the subject) ; Burnet, J7»i- IfiTjs of Reformation, ii, 142 sq. ; Macanlay, Hietory of Emifmd, voL i, ch. ii; VottHdndige SamnUung d. CdU- baigesetze (Franc 1823); Thelner, Die EinfOhrung d, prietteHiehen Eheloeigkmt tc ikre Folgen (Altenb. 1828) ; KlUssche, GeedL d. CSHbats (Angs. 1880) ; Sulzer, Die a-hebUehettnOrOmdefiirtLgegend COHbatgetetze (Const 1820); Lea, Saeerd, Celibaeg (Phila. 1867, 8vo) ; Stan- ley, EasL Ckun^ p. 264 ; Milman, Lai. Chrittianitg, iii, 106 sq. See BIabbiaoe ; Momachism ; Yiboimitt.
Cell (Lat. ceOd).
L In classical archsology eeUa is applied to a cave or cellar, to preserve wine, oil, or other provision. It also was applied to the enclosed space of a temple, to bath-rooms, to the sleeping apartmepts of slaves.
2. From this last use of the word it was transferred in the fourth century to the sleeping apartments of monks and nuns in cloisters (q. v.). These at first held three or four occupants, but later they usually re- ceived but one person. These cells are small, have one door and w^ow, and are generally plainly fur-
8. The word was also applied to a monastic dwelling, either for a single monk or for a conununity, suboiv diaate to some great abbey. The former was mostly the abode of hermits, and erected in solitary places. See HsRMiTAOB. In the Quirinal Palace at Bome are the cells of the conclave (q. v.).
Cellar C^aiM, attar\ something laid t^ in store). This word is in 1 Chron. xxvii, 28 rendered ** cellar," bat in another verse of the same chapter, ** treasure," and "store-house," from which we may conclude that subterranean vaults are spoken of in each case. The same word is sometimes applied to the treasury of the Temple (1 Kings vii, 51) and of the king (xiv, 26).
CeUarloB, or Cellarer, an officer in monasteries to whom belonged the care of procuring provisions for tiie establishment. See Abbey. He was one of the foor obedientiariL, or great officers : under his ordering wu the pietrinumj or bake-house, and the bracinum, or brew-house. In the richer houses there were lands set apart for the maintenance of the office, called, in ancient writings, ad dbum monaehorum. His whole office had respect to that origin. He was to see the com got in, and laid up in the granaries : his wages consisted of a portion of the property, usually fixed at a thirteenth part of the whole, and a ftirred gown. The oiBce was equivalent to that of bursar. — ^Fosbrooke, AnHqmtiet, i, 177 ; Farrar, Ecd. Diet, s. v.