Celestine (or Ccblbstin) I, Pope, a Roman by birth, was elected Pope in 422, on the death of Boni- face I. During his pontificate the Council of Ephe- sus, against Kestorins, was held, upon which occasion he wrote several letters to the Eastern churches. He claimed authority and primacy in the Roman See, and sought to exercise it over the African Church in vain. In the Nestorian dispute above mentioned he was more successful, as Cyril, in order to pot down Nesto- rius, accepted the auti&ority of Celestine agakist him. He left thirteen letters ; among them is a complaint as to the dress of bishops; but it is doubtful whether it means that the clergy should dress like the laity, or should abetahi from some special garment which some had adopted. He died March 25 (or July 26), 432. Celestine is said to have sent PftUadius and St. Patrick as missionaries to Ireland, but the story is very doubt- tal. It is not clear that either of them ever had any connection with Rome. His letters are preserved in the Collection of Councils. He is counted among the saints of the Church of Rome. — Biog, Univ. vii, 497 ; Cormenin, Livee of the Popet, i, 79.
n. Pope, originally Guide, of Cittlk di Castello, in Tuscany, studied under Abelard, and succeeded Inno- cent II September 25th, 1148. He died in March, 1144.
m. Pope, a Roman named lacinto Orsini, cardinal of Santa Maria, was elected Pope March 80, 1191, at eighty-five. He crowned Henry V and liis wife Con- stance, and made a great display of arrogance in doing it ; entered warmly into the scheme for delivering the Holy Land, on which account he espoused the cause of Richard I of England, and fulminated censures against Leopold of Austria and the emperor, who de- tained Richard prisoner. He died January 8, 1198. During his last illness he proposed to transfer his pa- pal authority to cardinal Colonna, to which, of course, the cardinals objected.
IV. Pope, originally called Gbffredo, of the family of Castiglione, of Milan. He was elected Pope Sep- tember 20, 1241, and died on the 8th of 'October follow- ing.
V. Pope, originally Pietro de Murrone, was bom 1215 at Isemia. With a few companions he withdrew to a cave on Monte Majella, where' he lived a life of extreme austerity. After a time his disciples multi- plied so greatly that he was induced to form them into a new order (called first the congregation of St. Damkcn^ but subsequently the order of Ceieetines)^ under the rule of St. Benedict. This order was confirmed by Gregory X in the Synod of Lyons, 1274. On the 15th of July, 1294, he was elected pope, and took the name of Celes- tine V. He proved to be too ignorant of the world and its ways, as well as of literature, for the office which he was so suddenly called upon to undertake. Feeling his unfitness, and finding that many abuses were com- mitted in his name, he resigned Dec. 18, 1294, and re- tired to his solitude. He was cmeily hnprisoned by
CELESTINES
1?4
CELIBACY
faifl sncoesflor Boniikce, who detained him in costody until liis death, May 19, 1296. Clement V canonized liim, and hia day in the calendar is May 19. — Moa- heim, Ch. liuU i, 849 ; Hoefer, Nouv, Biog. Gmirakj iz,846.
Celestines, or CoLEsmiES (I.), an order of bare- footed Minorites (see Discalceati) ; (II.) a monastic order, so called from the founder, Pietro de Morrone, afterwards Celestine V, in 1254. After his death his order made great progress, not only in Italy, but lilie- wise in France, whither the then general, Peter of Ti- voli, sent twelve religious, at the request of Idng Phil- ip the Fair, who gave them two monasteries, one in the forest of Orleans, and the other in the forest of Compeigne, at Mount Chartres. This order had at one time 200 monasteries in Italy, France, Germany^ and the Netherlands. They had about ninety-six con- vents in Italy, and twenty-<me in France, under the name of priories. Their Constitutions consisted of three parts : the first refers to the provincial chapters and the election of superiors ; the second contains the regular observances ; and the third, the visitation and correction of the monks. The rule required the Ce- lestines to rise two hours after midnight to say mat- ins; to eat no flesh except when in sickness ; to fist every Wednesday and Friday from Easter to the feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross ; and from that feast to Easter, every day.^ Their dress was a white gown, a capuche, and a black scapulary; in the choir, and out of the monastery, a black cowl with the ca- puche; shirts of serge. The order is decay ed ; in Ita- ly a few monasteries survive. See Fbanciscans.
CelestiiiB. See C<elb8tiu8.
Celibacy (coeUbatus^ Lat. cceUbt or caleb$, unmar- ried, derived by some Roman writers from ooeU beaii' itidOf the blessedness of heaven), the state of virginity, or of unmarried persons.
I. In the Scripture, — Under the Mosaic law, priests were not only idlowed, but encouraged to marry. The priesthood was confirmed to the descendants of one family, and consequently involved even an obligation to marry. In the N. T. we find passages in which an unmarried life, voluntarily assumed, is commended, un- der certain circumstances (Matt, xix, 12 ; 1 Cor. vii, 1-86). But no passage in the N. T. can be interpreted into a prohibition against the marriage of the clergy under the Gospel dispensation ; on the contrary, there are many from which we may infer the contrary. One of the twelve, Peter, was certainly a married roan (Matt, viii, 14), and it is supposed that several of the others were also married. Philip, one of the seven deacons, was also a married mah (Acts xxi, 9) ; and if our Lord did not require celibacy in the first preach- ers of the C^ospel, it cannot be thought indispensable in their successors. Paul says, *' Let Wery man have his own wife** (1 Cor. vii, 2); and that marriage is honorable in all (Heb. xiii, 4), without excepting those who are employed in the public oflices of religion. He expressly says\hat **a bishop must be the husband of one wife" (1 Tim. iii, 2) ; and be gives the same direc- tion concerning elders, priests, and deacons. When Aqnila traveled about to preach the Gospel, he was not only married, but his wife Priscilla accompanied him (Acts xviil, 2) ; and Paul insists that he might have claimed the privilege ** of carrying about a sister or wife (1 Cor. ix, 6), as other aposUes did." The " for- bidding to marry" (1 Tim. iv, 8) is mentioned as a character of the apostasy of the latter times.