Chiliaroh (x(Xiaf>xoc, oapUdn of a thousand; A. V."high captain," Mark vi, 21; "captain," John xviii, 12 ; Rev. xlx, 18 ; elsewhere *' chief captain**), a mflitaiy title occurring fVequently in the (Greek) New Test, in the following senses. See Abut. 1. As a general state officer (Mark vi, 21; Acts xxv, 28; Rev. vi, 15; xix, 18; comp. Josephus, Ant, vii, 2, 2). 2. Specifically, a trUnme of the soldiers among the Ro- mans, six of whom formed the field officers of every ** legion** (q. v.), corresponding in rank nearly to our colonel (see Smith's Diet, of Class. Antiq. s. v. Exerci- tus) ; in the N. T. spoken individually of Claudius Ly- sias, who, as milita^ tribune, in the capacity of a mod- em major, comman^led the garrison of Fort Antonia at Jerusalem (Acts xxi, 81 sq. ; comp. Herodian, tt, 12, 18 ; Dion. Hal. ^fi<. vi, 4). 8. Particularly applied to the prafect or (Levitical) superintendent of order in the Temple (John xviii, 12). . See Captaik.
ChiUaBm. See Millbnvium.
Chiliasts. See Advektists ; Millbnariaks.
Cbirion (Heb. KUsfon', t"^):^, pining ; Sept Xt- \(wf V. r. Xt\aiwv), the younger son of Elimelech and Naomi of BetUehem, and husband of Orpah, Ruth's sister; he died childless in the country of Moab (Ruth i, 2 ; iv, 9). B.C. 1860.
Chillinerworth, William, an eminent English divine and controvertist, was bom at Oxford, Octo- ber, 1602. (The following account of him is modi- fied from an article in the English Qfc/opcBdia^ which is based on the Biogrc^fua Briianmca,) In 1618 he was a scholar, and in 1628 a fellow, of "nrinity College in that University. Some curious memoirs of him are preserved by Anth. Wood (*'Athen. Oxon." c. 20), who says ** he would often walk in the college grove, and dispute with any scholar he met, purposely to facili- tate and make the way otwrangU/ng common with him, which was a fashion used in those days, especially among the disputing theologists, or those who set themselves apa^ purposely for divinity." The com- parative merits of the English and Romish churches were at that time a subject o( zealous and incessant disputation among the University students, and sev- eral learned Jesuits succeeded in making distinguish- ed proselytes among the Protestant clergy and nobil- ity. ChUlingworth, being an able disputant, was sin- gled out by the fitmons Jesuit Fisher, alias Johannes Perseus {BibUoth. 8oc Jesu\ by whom he was con- vinced of the necessity for an infiillible living '*Rule of Faith." On this he at once adopted the Roman Catholic system, wrote out his reasons for abjuring
.^ k.
CHILLINGWORTH
246
CHIMNEY
Protestantism, and joined the Jesuits in their college at Douay. After the lapse of a few months, the argo^ ments addressed to him by his godfather Laud, then bishop of London, indaced him to abandon .his new fidth, and he returned to Oxfbrd in 1681, wliere he passed aboat fonr years in reconsidering the Protestant tenets. The reading of Daille on the IHffht Ute qfthe Fathers is said to have finally determined hun.
In 1635 he published his great work, The ReHgUm o/ProUskmtif a nft Way to Salvation, It passed through two editions in less than five months. The principle of Chillingworth is that the volume of Divine Scriptures, ascertained to be such by the ordinary rules of historical and critical investigation, is to be considered the sole authority of Christians, to the ut- ter exclusion of ecclesiastical tradition. The Jesuit Knott, alias Matthias Wilson (BUdioth. Patrum 8oc, JetUf p. 185), contended that he ** destroyed the nature of fiiith by resolving it into reason." Cheynell (q. V.) also opposed Chillingworth from the Puritan side. Chillingworth in the mean time, unable to approve every statement in the Thirty-nine Articles, refused to accept any preferment in the Church. ** Howev- er, in a very short time he was persuaded by the ar- guments of Sheldon and Laud that peace and union are the real object of subscription, not belief or assent — a doctrine held by Archbishop Sancroft and many other eminent divines. Accordingly he accepted the chancellorship of Salisbury, with the prebend of Brix- worth, Northamptonshire, annexed. Chillingworth, in 1640, was deputed by the chapter of Salisbury as their proctor to the Convocation in London. He was attached very zealously to the royal party, and wrote a treatise (unpublished) on The Unlawfubies$ ofretitt- ing the lawful Prince^ although most impious, tyran- nical, and idolatrous." Being present in the army of Charles I at the siege of Gloucester, August, 1643, he acted as engineer, and devised the construction of en- gines, in imitation of the Roman "testudines cum plu- teis," to assault the rebels and take the dty by storm. Having accompanied the king's forces under Lord Hopton to Arundel Castle, he was there, with his com- rades, taken prisoner by the Parliament army under Sir William Waller, and &lllng ill, he was thence con- veyed to the bishop's palace at Chichester, where he died, and was buried in January, 1644. (The precise day is not ascertained, but it was probably January 80.) Dr. Cheynell, then rector of Petworth, who had shown Chillingworth great kindness during his illness, appeared at the grave, with the work of Chillingworth {Bd^gion of Prciestanis^ in his hand, and, after an ad- monitory oration on the dangerous tendency of its ra^ tionalism, he flung it into the grave, exclaiming, ^' Get thee gone, thou cursed book, which has seduced so many precious souls ; get thee gone, thou corrupt, rot- ten book, earth to earth, dust to dust — go rot with thy author!" See Chbtnbll.