literature. — Besides the works on special to]dcs al- ready quoted, we mention on the general subj^ Dio- nysitts Petavius (Jesuit, died 1652), IM theolofficis do^ maiibus (Paris, 1644-50, and other editions^ torn, ir and V, de incamatione Verbi (the most profoundly learned Roman Catholic work on doctrinal history); George Bull, Defensiofdei NiccmcB (Oxford, 1685, and often since; a standard work in defence of the essen- tial identity of the Trinitarian and Christological feitli of the first four centuries, though defective in not ad- mitting a gradual development of doctrine and logical statement, which is entirely compatible with the essen- tial identity of religious yattt) ; Dan.Waterland,FlM- dication of Christ's Divinity (Oxf 1719 ; a very able defense of the orthodox feith against the high Arian- ism of Dr. Sam.Ckrke and Dr. Whitby); Chr.W.F. Walch, VoUstdndiye Kirchen^und Ketzhhistcrie (Lptg. 1762 sq. vols, ii-ix; exceedingly learned and minate, but dry and tedious) ; Edw. Burton, Testtmoniet ofti^ Ante-Nicene Fathers to the Divinity of Chrift (2d ed. Oxford, 1829) ; F. Chr. Baur, Die duristUche Lehre vim der Dreieinigkeit und Menschwerdung m ihrer gestMckt- lichen EniwiekeUmg (Tobingen, 1841 -4S, 8 vols ; very learned, able, and critical, but skepticsil) ; J. A. Dor- ner, Entimchehmgs geschichte der Ldire von der Person ChrisH (1886, 2d ed. ; Stuttgart, 1845-53, in 2 vols.; the most learned and complete histoiy of Christology; Eng. transl. by Alexander and Simon in Clark's For- eign Theol. Library, Edinb. 1861, 5 vols.); R.Wilber- force, The Doctrine of the Incamaticn of our Lord Jesus
CHRISTOPHER
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CHRONICLES
CkHal (^b «d. London, 1853); M. F. Sadler, oTy lAi JnoarwOim qf the Son of God the Foundation ofwumOable TrvOi (Lond. 1867) ; Scbaff; Hiitory of the Chritikm Ckurch (N. York, 1867, voL iii, p. 706-788). Among the Lhee of ChriM which have to do mainly with hia hiatoiy and character as a man on earth we mention those of J. J. Hess (1781), K. Ease (1829 ; 5th ed.1865), Neander (1887; 6th ed. 1863; Eng. transL bylfClintock and Blomenthal, N.T. 1848), Sepp (1848; ' new ed. 1862, in 6 vols.), Lange (1847, 8 vola. Engl. transL; Edinb. 1866, hi 6 vols.), Ewald (1854) and J. J. van Osterzee (1858, 8 vols.), Riggenbach (1858), C. J. ElHcott (1861), S. J. An^ws (N. Y. 1862), Prea- Bens6 (Paris, 1865 ; Eng. transL Lond. 1866, 8vo). To these most be added a number of smaller works on the moral character of Christ and his sinless perfection as an argunent for his divinity, viz. Ullmann, Die Sund- htigbeU Jetu, (Hamburg, 7th ed. 1864) ; J. Young, The Chritt of ffistortf (London and N. Y. 1855); Horace Bushnell, The Character of Jetus, forbidding hu CUu9- ijication with Men (N. York, 1861, ch. x of his work on Nature and the Supernatural, and also separately printed); PhlLSchaff, The Peraon of Christ, the Mira- cle ofHittonf, etc. (Boston, 1865 ; the same in German, Dutch, and Frendi transl.); Ecce Homo (Lond. and N.Y. 1866, a theological* sensation-book by an anon- ymous author), and its counterparts, Ecce Deu$ (Edinb. 1867 ; likewise anon3anous) and Deus Homo : Godman (by Prof. Theoph. Parsons, a Swedenborgian, Chicago, 1867).
Christopher, St. (Christophorus, Chitt-bearer\ a stint and martyr of the Boman and Greek calendars. The legends make him twelve feet high, and enormous statues of him are still to be found in cathedrals. The place and time of his birth, and, in fact, his very ex- istence, are donbtfuL He is said to have suffered mar- tyrdom under Decius. His day in the Greek calendar is May 9 ; in the Boman, July 25. Of the curious le- gend of St. Christopher, and the representations of it in medisval art, see Ifrs. Jamieson, 5acre(2 am^ />»^eMi- ary Art, ii, 489-450. See also Acta Sandormn, July 25 ; Butler, Litfes ofSainU, July 25 ; Hoefer, Biog, GS- niraky B,T.
Chriatopher, Pope. See Chbistophobub.
Chrlfltophdrns (Xpioro^dpos, Chritt-bearer), an epithet applied originally to Christians, especially to martyrs, as " bearhig aU for Christ,*' and therefore ^'bearing Christ.** It afterwards became a proper name (Christopher). See Eusebius, CSL Hist, iii, 10; Bmgham, Orig, Ecdet, bk. i, ch. i, § 4.
Cliri8topb5nx8, Pops (Nov., 903, to June, 904), deposed his predecessor Leo Y, and imprisoned him ; but was, in his turn, soon driven from power by a re- volt of the Bomans, led by the monster Sergius (q. v.), and forced to rethe into a convent, where, in June, 904, be met with a wretched death. Some Boman Catho- lic writers count him not among the regular popes, but among the an^popes.
Christo-saomin, a society founded at Delft, Hol- land (1797-1801), for the purpose "of promoting the onion of all Christian denominations which admit the dimity of Jesus Christ and redemption by the merits of bis passion.*' It was established by two members of the Beformed Church, one of whom (Onder van Vyn- gaard-Oeantttu) was burgomaster of Delft. It sepa- rated ** worship'* from ** teaching," and used a liturgy Aimed after that of the Church of England. It num- bered at one time some 8000 memb^s, mostly Hen- nonites, but has now nearly, if not quite died out. See an apology and sketch of the society in the work Het gateotechcp Chritto Sacrvm virmen Ddft (Leyden, 1801). —Base, CK HuUny, § 486 ; Wetzer u. Welte, Kirchen^ fenbs, ii, 514 ; Herzog, ReaH-Encyldop, ii, 688.
ChristB, False (i^cvJoxpurroi, Mari^ xiii, 22). No fower than twen^-f our different persons have appeared