making pretensions to be the Christ. In the maint^ nance of their claims to the Messiahship there has been a great expenditure of blood and treasure. They have appeared at different times, from an early date in the second century tiU 1682. The first was <^ed Caziba, or Barcocheba (q. v.) ; and the Jews admit that, in the defence of this false Messiah, they lost between five and six hundred thousand souls. The last that gained any considerable number of converts was Mordecai, a Jew, of Germany, who lived in 1682. Our Lord warn- ed fajs followers that such false Christs should make their appearance (Matt xx, 24). See Antichsist.
Chrodegang, bishop of Metz in the eighth cen- tuiy, was bom of noble Prankish parents, brought up at the court of Charles Martel, and made his record- er {refatndarius). In 742 he was raised by Pepin to the bishopric of Metz, and was very active in building churches, and in increasing the influence of Bome dur- ing the rest of his life. He is chiefly known as the founder of the Order of Cathedral and Collegiate Can- ons, and as the author of a Bule of Monastic Life (Reg^ via Sincera) for the regulation of the monks of the monastery that he founded, whither he transported the reliques of Gorgonus, Nabor, and Nazarius, given bim by Paul I. See Canons. He died A.D. 766. His Bule (that of Benedict of Nursia modified) consists of thirty-four canons and a preface, in which he says that *Hhe necessity of his new rule arises from the clergy neglecting the rules already in existence, and there- fore he comes forward to remind them how they should live." — D'Achery, SpicUeg, i, 565; PerU, Momun, Germ, ii, 267; Mansi, ConcU, xiv, 813; Mosheim, Ch, Hist, c. vili, pt. ii, ch. ii, n. 28 ; Neander, Ch, History (Torrey's), vol. iii, 106 sq.
Chromatius, bishop of Aqufleia (after 888), a dis- tinguished theological writer of the Latin Church. The place and date of his birth are not known. He was a friend of Jerome, Ambrose, Bufinus, and other distinguished men of that period. It was Chromatius who induced Jerome to translate the Old Testament into Latin, and Jerome dedicated to him the com- mentary on Habakkuk. When the controversy on the writings of Origen broke out between Jerome and Bufinus, Chromatius in vain endeavored to reconcile the former friends. He disapproved of the writings of Origen, but opposed the exclusion firom the church of Bufinus, whom he had baptized, and who had dedi^ cated to Um several works. When bishdp Anasta- sius of Bome condemned Bufinus, and communicated the sentence to Chromatius, the latter deemed it his right to dissent from the Boman bishop, and received Bufinus into the communion of his church. Chroma- tins was a warm defender of Chrysostom, and the lat- ter wrote him a letter of thanks. Most of the works of Chromatius are lost, among others his lAtter to Jt' rome (on Bufinus), and his Letter to the Emperor Hono- rius (in defence of Chrysostom) ; but there are still extant Discourses on the Eight Beatitudes^ treatises On the fyih and Sixth Chapters of St. Matthew and On Baptising and a small number of Letters. These works have been edited at Basle (1528 and 1551), Louvain (1646), in Galland's Bibliotheca Patrtrni^ vol. vii, and by Pietro Braida, at Udine (Sancti ChromatU episcopi Aquiiejensis Scripta^ the Opuscula^ etc., Utim, 1816, 4to). —Wetzer und Welte, Kirchen-Lexikon, ii, 526 ; Cave, Script. Eccks, Hist. Liter, i, 878 sq.
Chronicles (D'^njn "^"^a?, dibre/ hay^yanmn^ words [or acts'] of the' days, 1 Kings xiv, 19, Sept p^ liara rOnf 4^p<tfv,yulg. verba diermn; 1 Chron. xxvii, 24, ^tfiXiov \6yuw, fasti; Esth. vi, 1, fivtifwawa, an- naksf 1 Esdr. ii, 12, virofnnffMaTurfiol ; 1 Mace xvi, 24, PipKiov Tffupuhi), journals or diaries, t e. the record of the daily oocurrences ; the name originally given to the record made by the appointed historiographers in the kingdoms of Judah and Israel, usually called more simply ** book of the kings of Israel and Judah"
CHRONICLES
286
CHRONICLES
(1 Chron. ix, 1) ; so also of separate soyereigns, e. g. Solomon (1 Kings xi, 41), Jehu (2 Chron. zx, 34), etc. See HiSTOBT.
CHRONICLES, (First and Second) Books op, tiie designation in the English Bible of the last of the historical books of the Old Test, preceding Ezra ; but in the Heb. Scriptures thej conclude the entire yol- ume. See Bible.
I. JVame.— The Hebrews call them D'^njn '^'la'? (see above), regttters of days, and reckon them but one book. The Sept. translators, who regarded them as two books, used the appellation UapaXtiTrofuvaf thingt omUtedj as if they were suppiementcay to the other his- torical records belonging to the Old.Test. canon. The Yulg. retains both the Heb. and Greek name in Latin characters, Dabre jcanmlmy or hajamim, and ParalipO' metum, Jerome tells us (ad Domnion. ei Rfiffotian.) that in his time they formed only one book in the Heb. MSS., but had been divided by the Christian churches nsing the Sept. for convenience, on account of their length. In his Ep. to PauLimu he further explains the name ParaUpomenon, and eulogizes the book. The name Chrofdca^ or Chronicorum Bber, which is given in some copies of the Vulg., and fix)m which we derive our English name of *' Chronicles," seems to be taken from Jerome's saying in his prologus Galeatus, ^^Dibre hajamim, i. e. words o/dcnfs, which we may more sig- nificantly call the Chronicon of the whole divine histo- ry." It was possibly suggested to him by his having translated the Chronica of Eusebius into Latin. Later Latin writers have given them the name of Ephemeri' des. The division into two books, after the example of the Sept. and later versions, was adopted by Bom- berg in his Heb. Bible, since which time it has been universal.